openclwrapper.cpp

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// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
#ifdef _WIN32
#include <io.h>
#else
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#endif
#include <float.h>

#include "openclwrapper.h"
#include "oclkernels.h"

// for micro-benchmark
#include "otsuthr.h"
#include "thresholder.h"

#if ON_APPLE
#include <mach/mach_time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#endif

#define CALLOC LEPT_CALLOC
#define FREE LEPT_FREE

#ifdef USE_OPENCL

#include "opencl_device_selection.h"
GPUEnv OpenclDevice::gpuEnv;

bool OpenclDevice::deviceIsSelected = false;
ds_device OpenclDevice::selectedDevice;

int OpenclDevice::isInited = 0;

static l_int32 MORPH_BC = ASYMMETRIC_MORPH_BC;

static const l_uint32 lmask32[] = {
    0x80000000, 0xc0000000, 0xe0000000, 0xf0000000, 0xf8000000, 0xfc000000,
    0xfe000000, 0xff000000, 0xff800000, 0xffc00000, 0xffe00000, 0xfff00000,
    0xfff80000, 0xfffc0000, 0xfffe0000, 0xffff0000, 0xffff8000, 0xffffc000,
    0xffffe000, 0xfffff000, 0xfffff800, 0xfffffc00, 0xfffffe00, 0xffffff00,
    0xffffff80, 0xffffffc0, 0xffffffe0, 0xfffffff0, 0xfffffff8, 0xfffffffc,
    0xfffffffe, 0xffffffff};

static const l_uint32 rmask32[] = {
    0x00000001, 0x00000003, 0x00000007, 0x0000000f, 0x0000001f, 0x0000003f,
    0x0000007f, 0x000000ff, 0x000001ff, 0x000003ff, 0x000007ff, 0x00000fff,
    0x00001fff, 0x00003fff, 0x00007fff, 0x0000ffff, 0x0001ffff, 0x0003ffff,
    0x0007ffff, 0x000fffff, 0x001fffff, 0x003fffff, 0x007fffff, 0x00ffffff,
    0x01ffffff, 0x03ffffff, 0x07ffffff, 0x0fffffff, 0x1fffffff, 0x3fffffff,
    0x7fffffff, 0xffffffff};

static cl_mem pixsCLBuffer, pixdCLBuffer,
    pixdCLIntermediate;     // Morph operations buffers
static cl_mem pixThBuffer;  // output from thresholdtopix calculation
static cl_int clStatus;
static KernelEnv rEnv;

#define DS_TAG_VERSION "<version>"
#define DS_TAG_VERSION_END "</version>"
#define DS_TAG_DEVICE "<device>"
#define DS_TAG_DEVICE_END "</device>"
#define DS_TAG_SCORE "<score>"
#define DS_TAG_SCORE_END "</score>"
#define DS_TAG_DEVICE_TYPE "<type>"
#define DS_TAG_DEVICE_TYPE_END "</type>"
#define DS_TAG_DEVICE_NAME "<name>"
#define DS_TAG_DEVICE_NAME_END "</name>"
#define DS_TAG_DEVICE_DRIVER_VERSION "<driver>"
#define DS_TAG_DEVICE_DRIVER_VERSION_END "</driver>"

#define DS_DEVICE_NATIVE_CPU_STRING "native_cpu"

#define DS_DEVICE_NAME_LENGTH 256

typedef enum { DS_EVALUATE_ALL, DS_EVALUATE_NEW_ONLY } ds_evaluation_type;

typedef struct {
  unsigned int numDevices;
  ds_device *devices;
  const char *version;
} ds_profile;

typedef enum {
  DS_SUCCESS = 0,
  DS_INVALID_PROFILE = 1000,
  DS_MEMORY_ERROR,
  DS_INVALID_PERF_EVALUATOR_TYPE,
  DS_INVALID_PERF_EVALUATOR,
  DS_PERF_EVALUATOR_ERROR,
  DS_FILE_ERROR,
  DS_UNKNOWN_DEVICE_TYPE,
  DS_PROFILE_FILE_ERROR,
  DS_SCORE_SERIALIZER_ERROR,
  DS_SCORE_DESERIALIZER_ERROR
} ds_status;

// Pointer to a function that calculates the score of a device (ex:
// device->score) update the data size of score. The encoding and the format
// of the score data is implementation defined. The function should return
// DS_SUCCESS if there's no error to be reported.
typedef ds_status (*ds_perf_evaluator)(ds_device *device, void *data);

// deallocate memory used by score
typedef ds_status (*ds_score_release)(void *score);
static ds_status releaseDSProfile(ds_profile *profile, ds_score_release sr) {
  ds_status status = DS_SUCCESS;
  if (profile != nullptr) {
    if (profile->devices != nullptr && sr != nullptr) {
      unsigned int i;
      for (i = 0; i < profile->numDevices; i++) {
        free(profile->devices[i].oclDeviceName);
        free(profile->devices[i].oclDriverVersion);
        status = sr(profile->devices[i].score);
        if (status != DS_SUCCESS) break;
      }
      free(profile->devices);
    }
    free(profile);
  }
  return status;
}

static ds_status initDSProfile(ds_profile **p, const char *version) {
  int numDevices;
  cl_uint numPlatforms;
  cl_platform_id *platforms = nullptr;
  cl_device_id *devices = nullptr;
  ds_status status = DS_SUCCESS;
  unsigned int next;
  unsigned int i;

  if (p == nullptr) return DS_INVALID_PROFILE;

  ds_profile *profile = (ds_profile *)malloc(sizeof(ds_profile));
  if (profile == nullptr) return DS_MEMORY_ERROR;

  memset(profile, 0, sizeof(ds_profile));

  clGetPlatformIDs(0, nullptr, &numPlatforms);

  if (numPlatforms > 0) {
    platforms = (cl_platform_id *)malloc(numPlatforms * sizeof(cl_platform_id));
    if (platforms == nullptr) {
      status = DS_MEMORY_ERROR;
      goto cleanup;
    }
    clGetPlatformIDs(numPlatforms, platforms, nullptr);
  }

  numDevices = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < (unsigned int)numPlatforms; i++) {
    cl_uint num;
    clGetDeviceIDs(platforms[i], CL_DEVICE_TYPE_ALL, 0, nullptr, &num);
    numDevices += num;
  }

  if (numDevices > 0) {
    devices = (cl_device_id *)malloc(numDevices * sizeof(cl_device_id));
    if (devices == nullptr) {
      status = DS_MEMORY_ERROR;
      goto cleanup;
    }
  }

  profile->numDevices =
      numDevices + 1;  // +1 to numDevices to include the native CPU
  profile->devices =
      (ds_device *)malloc(profile->numDevices * sizeof(ds_device));
  if (profile->devices == nullptr) {
    profile->numDevices = 0;
    status = DS_MEMORY_ERROR;
    goto cleanup;
  }
  memset(profile->devices, 0, profile->numDevices * sizeof(ds_device));

  next = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < (unsigned int)numPlatforms; i++) {
    cl_uint num;
    unsigned j;
    clGetDeviceIDs(platforms[i], CL_DEVICE_TYPE_ALL, numDevices, devices, &num);
    for (j = 0; j < num; j++, next++) {
      char buffer[DS_DEVICE_NAME_LENGTH];
      size_t length;

      profile->devices[next].type = DS_DEVICE_OPENCL_DEVICE;
      profile->devices[next].oclDeviceID = devices[j];

      clGetDeviceInfo(profile->devices[next].oclDeviceID, CL_DEVICE_NAME,
                      DS_DEVICE_NAME_LENGTH, &buffer, nullptr);
      length = strlen(buffer);
      profile->devices[next].oclDeviceName = (char *)malloc(length + 1);
      memcpy(profile->devices[next].oclDeviceName, buffer, length + 1);

      clGetDeviceInfo(profile->devices[next].oclDeviceID, CL_DRIVER_VERSION,
                      DS_DEVICE_NAME_LENGTH, &buffer, nullptr);
      length = strlen(buffer);
      profile->devices[next].oclDriverVersion = (char *)malloc(length + 1);
      memcpy(profile->devices[next].oclDriverVersion, buffer, length + 1);
    }
  }
  profile->devices[next].type = DS_DEVICE_NATIVE_CPU;
  profile->version = version;

cleanup:
  free(platforms);
  free(devices);
  if (status == DS_SUCCESS) {
    *p = profile;
  } else {
    if (profile) {
      free(profile->devices);
      free(profile);
    }
  }
  return status;
}

static ds_status profileDevices(ds_profile *profile,
                                const ds_evaluation_type type,
                                ds_perf_evaluator evaluator,
                                void *evaluatorData, unsigned int *numUpdates) {
  ds_status status = DS_SUCCESS;
  unsigned int i;
  unsigned int updates = 0;

  if (profile == nullptr) {
    return DS_INVALID_PROFILE;
  }
  if (evaluator == nullptr) {
    return DS_INVALID_PERF_EVALUATOR;
  }

  for (i = 0; i < profile->numDevices; i++) {
    ds_status evaluatorStatus;

    switch (type) {
      case DS_EVALUATE_NEW_ONLY:
        if (profile->devices[i].score != nullptr) break;
      //  else fall through
      case DS_EVALUATE_ALL:
        evaluatorStatus = evaluator(profile->devices + i, evaluatorData);
        if (evaluatorStatus != DS_SUCCESS) {
          status = evaluatorStatus;
          return status;
        }
        updates++;
        break;
      default:
        return DS_INVALID_PERF_EVALUATOR_TYPE;
        break;
    };
  }
  if (numUpdates) *numUpdates = updates;
  return status;
}

static const char *findString(const char *contentStart, const char *contentEnd,
                              const char *string) {
  size_t stringLength;
  const char *currentPosition;
  const char *found = nullptr;
  stringLength = strlen(string);
  currentPosition = contentStart;
  for (currentPosition = contentStart; currentPosition < contentEnd;
       currentPosition++) {
    if (*currentPosition == string[0]) {
      if (currentPosition + stringLength < contentEnd) {
        if (strncmp(currentPosition, string, stringLength) == 0) {
          found = currentPosition;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return found;
}

static ds_status readProFile(const char *fileName, char **content,
                             size_t *contentSize) {
  size_t size = 0;

  *contentSize = 0;
  *content = nullptr;

  FILE *input = fopen(fileName, "rb");
  if (input == nullptr) {
    return DS_FILE_ERROR;
  }

  fseek(input, 0L, SEEK_END);
  size = ftell(input);
  rewind(input);
  char *binary = (char *)malloc(size);
  if (binary == nullptr) {
    fclose(input);
    return DS_FILE_ERROR;
  }
  fread(binary, sizeof(char), size, input);
  fclose(input);

  *contentSize = size;
  *content = binary;
  return DS_SUCCESS;
}

typedef ds_status (*ds_score_deserializer)(ds_device *device,
                                           const unsigned char *serializedScore,
                                           unsigned int serializedScoreSize);

static ds_status readProfileFromFile(ds_profile *profile,
                                     ds_score_deserializer deserializer,
                                     const char *file) {
  ds_status status = DS_SUCCESS;
  char *contentStart = nullptr;
  const char *contentEnd = nullptr;
  size_t contentSize;

  if (profile == nullptr) return DS_INVALID_PROFILE;

  status = readProFile(file, &contentStart, &contentSize);
  if (status == DS_SUCCESS) {
    const char *currentPosition;
    const char *dataStart;
    const char *dataEnd;

    contentEnd = contentStart + contentSize;
    currentPosition = contentStart;

    // parse the version string
    dataStart = findString(currentPosition, contentEnd, DS_TAG_VERSION);
    if (dataStart == nullptr) {
      status = DS_PROFILE_FILE_ERROR;
      goto cleanup;
    }
    dataStart += strlen(DS_TAG_VERSION);

    dataEnd = findString(dataStart, contentEnd, DS_TAG_VERSION_END);
    if (dataEnd == nullptr) {
      status = DS_PROFILE_FILE_ERROR;
      goto cleanup;
    }

    size_t versionStringLength = strlen(profile->version);
    if (versionStringLength + dataStart != dataEnd ||
        strncmp(profile->version, dataStart, versionStringLength) != 0) {
      // version mismatch
      status = DS_PROFILE_FILE_ERROR;
      goto cleanup;
    }
    currentPosition = dataEnd + strlen(DS_TAG_VERSION_END);

    // parse the device information
    while (1) {
      unsigned int i;

      const char *deviceTypeStart;
      const char *deviceTypeEnd;
      ds_device_type deviceType;

      const char *deviceNameStart;
      const char *deviceNameEnd;

      const char *deviceScoreStart;
      const char *deviceScoreEnd;

      const char *deviceDriverStart;
      const char *deviceDriverEnd;

      dataStart = findString(currentPosition, contentEnd, DS_TAG_DEVICE);
      if (dataStart == nullptr) {
        // nothing useful remain, quit...
        break;
      }
      dataStart += strlen(DS_TAG_DEVICE);
      dataEnd = findString(dataStart, contentEnd, DS_TAG_DEVICE_END);
      if (dataEnd == nullptr) {
        status = DS_PROFILE_FILE_ERROR;
        goto cleanup;
      }

      // parse the device type
      deviceTypeStart = findString(dataStart, contentEnd, DS_TAG_DEVICE_TYPE);
      if (deviceTypeStart == nullptr) {
        status = DS_PROFILE_FILE_ERROR;
        goto cleanup;
      }
      deviceTypeStart += strlen(DS_TAG_DEVICE_TYPE);
      deviceTypeEnd =
          findString(deviceTypeStart, contentEnd, DS_TAG_DEVICE_TYPE_END);
      if (deviceTypeEnd == nullptr) {
        status = DS_PROFILE_FILE_ERROR;
        goto cleanup;
      }
      memcpy(&deviceType, deviceTypeStart, sizeof(ds_device_type));

      // parse the device name
      if (deviceType == DS_DEVICE_OPENCL_DEVICE) {
        deviceNameStart = findString(dataStart, contentEnd, DS_TAG_DEVICE_NAME);
        if (deviceNameStart == nullptr) {
          status = DS_PROFILE_FILE_ERROR;
          goto cleanup;
        }
        deviceNameStart += strlen(DS_TAG_DEVICE_NAME);
        deviceNameEnd =
            findString(deviceNameStart, contentEnd, DS_TAG_DEVICE_NAME_END);
        if (deviceNameEnd == nullptr) {
          status = DS_PROFILE_FILE_ERROR;
          goto cleanup;
        }

        deviceDriverStart =
            findString(dataStart, contentEnd, DS_TAG_DEVICE_DRIVER_VERSION);
        if (deviceDriverStart == nullptr) {
          status = DS_PROFILE_FILE_ERROR;
          goto cleanup;
        }
        deviceDriverStart += strlen(DS_TAG_DEVICE_DRIVER_VERSION);
        deviceDriverEnd = findString(deviceDriverStart, contentEnd,
                                     DS_TAG_DEVICE_DRIVER_VERSION_END);
        if (deviceDriverEnd == nullptr) {
          status = DS_PROFILE_FILE_ERROR;
          goto cleanup;
        }

        // check if this device is on the system
        for (i = 0; i < profile->numDevices; i++) {
          if (profile->devices[i].type == DS_DEVICE_OPENCL_DEVICE) {
            size_t actualDeviceNameLength;
            size_t driverVersionLength;

            actualDeviceNameLength = strlen(profile->devices[i].oclDeviceName);
            driverVersionLength = strlen(profile->devices[i].oclDriverVersion);
            if (deviceNameStart + actualDeviceNameLength == deviceNameEnd &&
                deviceDriverStart + driverVersionLength == deviceDriverEnd &&
                strncmp(profile->devices[i].oclDeviceName, deviceNameStart,
                        actualDeviceNameLength) == 0 &&
                strncmp(profile->devices[i].oclDriverVersion, deviceDriverStart,
                        driverVersionLength) == 0) {
              deviceScoreStart =
                  findString(dataStart, contentEnd, DS_TAG_SCORE);
              if (deviceNameStart == nullptr) {
                status = DS_PROFILE_FILE_ERROR;
                goto cleanup;
              }
              deviceScoreStart += strlen(DS_TAG_SCORE);
              deviceScoreEnd =
                  findString(deviceScoreStart, contentEnd, DS_TAG_SCORE_END);
              status = deserializer(profile->devices + i,
                                    (const unsigned char *)deviceScoreStart,
                                    deviceScoreEnd - deviceScoreStart);
              if (status != DS_SUCCESS) {
                goto cleanup;
              }
            }
          }
        }
      } else if (deviceType == DS_DEVICE_NATIVE_CPU) {
        for (i = 0; i < profile->numDevices; i++) {
          if (profile->devices[i].type == DS_DEVICE_NATIVE_CPU) {
            deviceScoreStart = findString(dataStart, contentEnd, DS_TAG_SCORE);
            if (deviceScoreStart == nullptr) {
              status = DS_PROFILE_FILE_ERROR;
              goto cleanup;
            }
            deviceScoreStart += strlen(DS_TAG_SCORE);
            deviceScoreEnd =
                findString(deviceScoreStart, contentEnd, DS_TAG_SCORE_END);
            status = deserializer(profile->devices + i,
                                  (const unsigned char *)deviceScoreStart,
                                  deviceScoreEnd - deviceScoreStart);
            if (status != DS_SUCCESS) {
              goto cleanup;
            }
          }
        }
      }

      // skip over the current one to find the next device
      currentPosition = dataEnd + strlen(DS_TAG_DEVICE_END);
    }
  }
cleanup:
  free(contentStart);
  return status;
}

typedef ds_status (*ds_score_serializer)(ds_device *device,
                                         void **serializedScore,
                                         unsigned int *serializedScoreSize);
static ds_status writeProfileToFile(ds_profile *profile,
                                    ds_score_serializer serializer,
                                    const char *file) {
  ds_status status = DS_SUCCESS;

  if (profile == nullptr) return DS_INVALID_PROFILE;

  FILE *profileFile = fopen(file, "wb");
  if (profileFile == nullptr) {
    status = DS_FILE_ERROR;
  } else {
    unsigned int i;

    // write version string
    fwrite(DS_TAG_VERSION, sizeof(char), strlen(DS_TAG_VERSION), profileFile);
    fwrite(profile->version, sizeof(char), strlen(profile->version),
           profileFile);
    fwrite(DS_TAG_VERSION_END, sizeof(char), strlen(DS_TAG_VERSION_END),
           profileFile);
    fwrite("\n", sizeof(char), 1, profileFile);

    for (i = 0; i < profile->numDevices && status == DS_SUCCESS; i++) {
      void *serializedScore;
      unsigned int serializedScoreSize;

      fwrite(DS_TAG_DEVICE, sizeof(char), strlen(DS_TAG_DEVICE), profileFile);

      fwrite(DS_TAG_DEVICE_TYPE, sizeof(char), strlen(DS_TAG_DEVICE_TYPE),
             profileFile);
      fwrite(&profile->devices[i].type, sizeof(ds_device_type), 1, profileFile);
      fwrite(DS_TAG_DEVICE_TYPE_END, sizeof(char),
             strlen(DS_TAG_DEVICE_TYPE_END), profileFile);

      switch (profile->devices[i].type) {
        case DS_DEVICE_NATIVE_CPU: {
          // There's no need to emit a device name for the native CPU device.
          /*
          fwrite(DS_TAG_DEVICE_NAME, sizeof(char), strlen(DS_TAG_DEVICE_NAME),
                 profileFile);
          fwrite(DS_DEVICE_NATIVE_CPU_STRING,sizeof(char),
                 strlen(DS_DEVICE_NATIVE_CPU_STRING), profileFile);
          fwrite(DS_TAG_DEVICE_NAME_END, sizeof(char),
                 strlen(DS_TAG_DEVICE_NAME_END), profileFile);
          */
        } break;
        case DS_DEVICE_OPENCL_DEVICE: {
          fwrite(DS_TAG_DEVICE_NAME, sizeof(char), strlen(DS_TAG_DEVICE_NAME),
                 profileFile);
          fwrite(profile->devices[i].oclDeviceName, sizeof(char),
                 strlen(profile->devices[i].oclDeviceName), profileFile);
          fwrite(DS_TAG_DEVICE_NAME_END, sizeof(char),
                 strlen(DS_TAG_DEVICE_NAME_END), profileFile);

          fwrite(DS_TAG_DEVICE_DRIVER_VERSION, sizeof(char),
                 strlen(DS_TAG_DEVICE_DRIVER_VERSION), profileFile);
          fwrite(profile->devices[i].oclDriverVersion, sizeof(char),
                 strlen(profile->devices[i].oclDriverVersion), profileFile);
          fwrite(DS_TAG_DEVICE_DRIVER_VERSION_END, sizeof(char),
                 strlen(DS_TAG_DEVICE_DRIVER_VERSION_END), profileFile);
        } break;
        default:
          status = DS_UNKNOWN_DEVICE_TYPE;
          break;
      };

      fwrite(DS_TAG_SCORE, sizeof(char), strlen(DS_TAG_SCORE), profileFile);
      status = serializer(profile->devices + i, &serializedScore,
                          &serializedScoreSize);
      if (status == DS_SUCCESS && serializedScore != nullptr &&
          serializedScoreSize > 0) {
        fwrite(serializedScore, sizeof(char), serializedScoreSize, profileFile);
        free(serializedScore);
      }
      fwrite(DS_TAG_SCORE_END, sizeof(char), strlen(DS_TAG_SCORE_END),
             profileFile);
      fwrite(DS_TAG_DEVICE_END, sizeof(char), strlen(DS_TAG_DEVICE_END),
             profileFile);
      fwrite("\n", sizeof(char), 1, profileFile);
    }
    fclose(profileFile);
  }
  return status;
}

// substitute invalid characters in device name with _
static void legalizeFileName(char *fileName) {
  // printf("fileName: %s\n", fileName);
  const char *invalidChars =
      "/\?:*\"><| ";  // space is valid but can cause headaches
  // for each invalid char
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < strlen(invalidChars); i++) {
    char invalidStr[4];
    invalidStr[0] = invalidChars[i];
    invalidStr[1] = '\0';
    // printf("eliminating %s\n", invalidStr);
    // char *pos = strstr(fileName, invalidStr);
    // initial ./ is valid for present directory
    // if (*pos == '.') pos++;
    // if (*pos == '/') pos++;
    for (char *pos = strstr(fileName, invalidStr); pos != nullptr;
         pos = strstr(pos + 1, invalidStr)) {
      // printf("\tfound: %s, ", pos);
      pos[0] = '_';
      // printf("fileName: %s\n", fileName);
    }
  }
}

static void populateGPUEnvFromDevice(GPUEnv *gpuInfo, cl_device_id device) {
  // printf("[DS] populateGPUEnvFromDevice\n");
  size_t size;
  gpuInfo->mnIsUserCreated = 1;
  // device
  gpuInfo->mpDevID = device;
  gpuInfo->mpArryDevsID = new cl_device_id[1];
  gpuInfo->mpArryDevsID[0] = gpuInfo->mpDevID;
  clStatus = clGetDeviceInfo(gpuInfo->mpDevID, CL_DEVICE_TYPE,
                             sizeof(cl_device_type), &gpuInfo->mDevType, &size);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "populateGPUEnv::getDeviceInfo(TYPE)");
  // platform
  clStatus =
      clGetDeviceInfo(gpuInfo->mpDevID, CL_DEVICE_PLATFORM,
                      sizeof(cl_platform_id), &gpuInfo->mpPlatformID, &size);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "populateGPUEnv::getDeviceInfo(PLATFORM)");
  // context
  cl_context_properties props[3];
  props[0] = CL_CONTEXT_PLATFORM;
  props[1] = (cl_context_properties)gpuInfo->mpPlatformID;
  props[2] = 0;
  gpuInfo->mpContext =
      clCreateContext(props, 1, &gpuInfo->mpDevID, nullptr, nullptr, &clStatus);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "populateGPUEnv::createContext");
  // queue
  cl_command_queue_properties queueProperties = 0;
  gpuInfo->mpCmdQueue = clCreateCommandQueue(
      gpuInfo->mpContext, gpuInfo->mpDevID, queueProperties, &clStatus);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "populateGPUEnv::createCommandQueue");
}

int OpenclDevice::LoadOpencl()
{
#ifdef WIN32
  HINSTANCE HOpenclDll = nullptr;
  void *OpenclDll = nullptr;
  // fprintf(stderr, " LoadOpenclDllxx... \n");
  OpenclDll = static_cast<HINSTANCE>(HOpenclDll);
  OpenclDll = LoadLibrary("openCL.dll");
  if (!static_cast<HINSTANCE>(OpenclDll)) {
    fprintf(stderr, "[OD] Load opencl.dll failed!\n");
    FreeLibrary(static_cast<HINSTANCE>(OpenclDll));
    return 0;
    }
    fprintf(stderr, "[OD] Load opencl.dll successful!\n");
#endif
    return 1;
}
int OpenclDevice::SetKernelEnv( KernelEnv *envInfo )
{
    envInfo->mpkContext = gpuEnv.mpContext;
    envInfo->mpkCmdQueue = gpuEnv.mpCmdQueue;
    envInfo->mpkProgram = gpuEnv.mpArryPrograms[0];

    return 1;
}

static cl_mem allocateZeroCopyBuffer(KernelEnv rEnv, l_uint32 *hostbuffer,
                                     size_t nElements, cl_mem_flags flags,
                                     cl_int *pStatus) {
  cl_mem membuffer =
      clCreateBuffer(rEnv.mpkContext, (cl_mem_flags)(flags),
                     nElements * sizeof(l_uint32), hostbuffer, pStatus);

  return membuffer;
}

static Pix *mapOutputCLBuffer(KernelEnv rEnv, cl_mem clbuffer, Pix *pixd,
                              Pix *pixs, int elements, cl_mem_flags flags,
                              bool memcopy = false, bool sync = true) {
  PROCNAME("mapOutputCLBuffer");
  if (!pixd) {
    if (memcopy) {
      if ((pixd = pixCreateTemplate(pixs)) == nullptr)
        tprintf("pixd not made\n");
    } else {
      if ((pixd = pixCreateHeader(pixGetWidth(pixs), pixGetHeight(pixs),
                                  pixGetDepth(pixs))) == nullptr)
        tprintf("pixd not made\n");
    }
  }
  l_uint32 *pValues = (l_uint32 *)clEnqueueMapBuffer(
      rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, clbuffer, CL_TRUE, flags, 0,
      elements * sizeof(l_uint32), 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);

  if (memcopy) {
    memcpy(pixGetData(pixd), pValues, elements * sizeof(l_uint32));
  } else {
    pixSetData(pixd, pValues);
  }

  clEnqueueUnmapMemObject(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, clbuffer, pValues, 0, nullptr,
                          nullptr);

  if (sync) {
    clFinish(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue);
  }

  return pixd;
}

void OpenclDevice::releaseMorphCLBuffers()
{
  if (pixdCLIntermediate != nullptr) clReleaseMemObject(pixdCLIntermediate);
  if (pixsCLBuffer != nullptr) clReleaseMemObject(pixsCLBuffer);
  if (pixdCLBuffer != nullptr) clReleaseMemObject(pixdCLBuffer);
  if (pixThBuffer != nullptr) clReleaseMemObject(pixThBuffer);
  pixdCLIntermediate = pixsCLBuffer = pixdCLBuffer = pixThBuffer = nullptr;
}

int OpenclDevice::initMorphCLAllocations(l_int32 wpl, l_int32 h, Pix *pixs) {
  SetKernelEnv(&rEnv);

  if (pixThBuffer != nullptr) {
    pixsCLBuffer = allocateZeroCopyBuffer(rEnv, nullptr, wpl * h,
                                          CL_MEM_ALLOC_HOST_PTR, &clStatus);

    // Get the output from ThresholdToPix operation
    clStatus =
        clEnqueueCopyBuffer(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, pixThBuffer, pixsCLBuffer, 0, 0,
                            sizeof(l_uint32) * wpl * h, 0, nullptr, nullptr);
  } else {
    // Get data from the source image
    l_uint32 *srcdata =
        reinterpret_cast<l_uint32 *>(malloc(wpl * h * sizeof(l_uint32)));
    memcpy(srcdata, pixGetData(pixs), wpl * h * sizeof(l_uint32));

    pixsCLBuffer = allocateZeroCopyBuffer(rEnv, srcdata, wpl * h,
                                          CL_MEM_USE_HOST_PTR, &clStatus);
  }

  pixdCLBuffer = allocateZeroCopyBuffer(rEnv, nullptr, wpl * h,
                                        CL_MEM_ALLOC_HOST_PTR, &clStatus);

  pixdCLIntermediate = allocateZeroCopyBuffer(rEnv, nullptr, wpl * h,
                                              CL_MEM_ALLOC_HOST_PTR, &clStatus);

  return (int)clStatus;
}

int OpenclDevice::InitEnv()
{
//PERF_COUNT_START("OD::InitEnv")
//    printf("[OD] OpenclDevice::InitEnv()\n");
#ifdef SAL_WIN32
    while( 1 )
    {
        if( 1 == LoadOpencl() )
            break;
    }
PERF_COUNT_SUB("LoadOpencl")
#endif
    // sets up environment, compiles programs

    InitOpenclRunEnv_DeviceSelection( 0 );
//PERF_COUNT_SUB("called InitOpenclRunEnv_DS")
//PERF_COUNT_END
    return 1;
}

int OpenclDevice::ReleaseOpenclRunEnv()
{
    ReleaseOpenclEnv( &gpuEnv );
#ifdef SAL_WIN32
    FreeOpenclDll();
#endif
    return 1;
}
inline int OpenclDevice::AddKernelConfig( int kCount, const char *kName )
{
    if ( kCount < 1 )
        fprintf(stderr,"Error: ( KCount < 1 ) AddKernelConfig\n" );
    strcpy( gpuEnv.mArrykernelNames[kCount-1], kName );
    gpuEnv.mnKernelCount++;
    return 0;
}
int OpenclDevice::RegistOpenclKernel()
{
    if ( !gpuEnv.mnIsUserCreated )
        memset( &gpuEnv, 0, sizeof(gpuEnv) );

    gpuEnv.mnFileCount = 0; //argc;
    gpuEnv.mnKernelCount = 0UL;

    AddKernelConfig( 1, (const char*) "oclAverageSub1" );
    return 0;
}

int OpenclDevice::InitOpenclRunEnv_DeviceSelection( int argc ) {
//PERF_COUNT_START("InitOpenclRunEnv_DS")
    if (!isInited) {
        // after programs compiled, selects best device
        ds_device bestDevice_DS = getDeviceSelection( );
//PERF_COUNT_SUB("called getDeviceSelection()")
        cl_device_id bestDevice = bestDevice_DS.oclDeviceID;
        // overwrite global static GPUEnv with new device
        if (selectedDeviceIsOpenCL() ) {
            //printf("[DS] InitOpenclRunEnv_DS::Calling populateGPUEnvFromDevice() for selected device\n");
        populateGPUEnvFromDevice( &gpuEnv, bestDevice );
        gpuEnv.mnFileCount = 0; //argc;
        gpuEnv.mnKernelCount = 0UL;
//PERF_COUNT_SUB("populate gpuEnv")
        CompileKernelFile(&gpuEnv, "");
//PERF_COUNT_SUB("CompileKernelFile")
        } else {
            //printf("[DS] InitOpenclRunEnv_DS::Skipping populateGPUEnvFromDevice() b/c native cpu selected\n");
        }
        isInited = 1;
    }
//PERF_COUNT_END
    return 0;
}


OpenclDevice::OpenclDevice()
{
    //InitEnv();
}

OpenclDevice::~OpenclDevice()
{
    //ReleaseOpenclRunEnv();
}

int OpenclDevice::ReleaseOpenclEnv( GPUEnv *gpuInfo )
{
    int i = 0;
    int clStatus = 0;

    if ( !isInited )
    {
        return 1;
    }

    for ( i = 0; i < gpuEnv.mnFileCount; i++ )
    {
        if ( gpuEnv.mpArryPrograms[i] )
        {
            clStatus = clReleaseProgram( gpuEnv.mpArryPrograms[i] );
            CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clReleaseProgram" );
            gpuEnv.mpArryPrograms[i] = nullptr;
        }
    }
    if ( gpuEnv.mpCmdQueue )
    {
        clReleaseCommandQueue( gpuEnv.mpCmdQueue );
        gpuEnv.mpCmdQueue = nullptr;
    }
    if ( gpuEnv.mpContext )
    {
        clReleaseContext( gpuEnv.mpContext );
        gpuEnv.mpContext = nullptr;
    }
    isInited = 0;
    gpuInfo->mnIsUserCreated = 0;
    delete[] gpuInfo->mpArryDevsID;
    return 1;
}
int OpenclDevice::BinaryGenerated( const char * clFileName, FILE ** fhandle )
{
    unsigned int i = 0;
    cl_int clStatus;
    int status = 0;
    char *str = nullptr;
    FILE *fd = nullptr;
    char fileName[256] = {0}, cl_name[128] = {0};
    char deviceName[1024];
    clStatus = clGetDeviceInfo(gpuEnv.mpArryDevsID[i], CL_DEVICE_NAME,
                               sizeof(deviceName), deviceName, nullptr);
    CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clGetDeviceInfo");
    str = (char *)strstr(clFileName, (char *)".cl");
    memcpy(cl_name, clFileName, str - clFileName);
    cl_name[str - clFileName] = '\0';
    sprintf(fileName, "%s-%s.bin", cl_name, deviceName);
    legalizeFileName(fileName);
    fd = fopen(fileName, "rb");
    status = (fd != nullptr) ? 1 : 0;
    if (fd != nullptr) {
      *fhandle = fd;
    }
    return status;

}
int OpenclDevice::CachedOfKernerPrg( const GPUEnv *gpuEnvCached, const char * clFileName )
{
    int i;
    for ( i = 0; i < gpuEnvCached->mnFileCount; i++ )
    {
        if ( strcasecmp( gpuEnvCached->mArryKnelSrcFile[i], clFileName ) == 0 )
        {
          if (gpuEnvCached->mpArryPrograms[i] != nullptr) {
            return 1;
            }
        }
    }

    return 0;
}
int OpenclDevice::WriteBinaryToFile( const char* fileName, const char* birary, size_t numBytes )
{
  FILE *output = nullptr;
  output = fopen(fileName, "wb");
  if (output == nullptr) {
    return 0;
    }

    fwrite( birary, sizeof(char), numBytes, output );
    fclose( output );

    return 1;

}
int OpenclDevice::GeneratBinFromKernelSource( cl_program program, const char * clFileName )
{
    unsigned int i = 0;
    cl_int clStatus;
    size_t *binarySizes;
    cl_uint numDevices;
    cl_device_id *mpArryDevsID;
    char **binaries, *str = nullptr;

    clStatus = clGetProgramInfo(program, CL_PROGRAM_NUM_DEVICES,
                                sizeof(numDevices), &numDevices, nullptr);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clGetProgramInfo" );

    mpArryDevsID = (cl_device_id*) malloc( sizeof(cl_device_id) * numDevices );
    if (mpArryDevsID == nullptr) {
      return 0;
    }
    /* grab the handles to all of the devices in the program. */
    clStatus = clGetProgramInfo(program, CL_PROGRAM_DEVICES,
                                sizeof(cl_device_id) * numDevices, mpArryDevsID,
                                nullptr);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clGetProgramInfo" );

    /* figure out the sizes of each of the binaries. */
    binarySizes = (size_t*) malloc( sizeof(size_t) * numDevices );

    clStatus =
        clGetProgramInfo(program, CL_PROGRAM_BINARY_SIZES,
                         sizeof(size_t) * numDevices, binarySizes, nullptr);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clGetProgramInfo" );

    /* copy over all of the generated binaries. */
    binaries = (char**) malloc( sizeof(char *) * numDevices );
    if (binaries == nullptr) {
      return 0;
    }

    for ( i = 0; i < numDevices; i++ )
    {
        if ( binarySizes[i] != 0 )
        {
            binaries[i] = (char*) malloc( sizeof(char) * binarySizes[i] );
            if (binaries[i] == nullptr) {
              return 0;
            }
        }
        else
        {
          binaries[i] = nullptr;
        }
    }

    clStatus = clGetProgramInfo(program, CL_PROGRAM_BINARIES,
                                sizeof(char *) * numDevices, binaries, nullptr);
    CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus,"clGetProgramInfo");

    /* dump out each binary into its own separate file. */
    for ( i = 0; i < numDevices; i++ )
    {
        char fileName[256] = { 0 }, cl_name[128] = { 0 };

        if ( binarySizes[i] != 0 )
        {
            char deviceName[1024];
            clStatus = clGetDeviceInfo(mpArryDevsID[i], CL_DEVICE_NAME,
                                       sizeof(deviceName), deviceName, nullptr);
            CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clGetDeviceInfo" );

            str = (char*) strstr( clFileName, (char*) ".cl" );
            memcpy( cl_name, clFileName, str - clFileName );
            cl_name[str - clFileName] = '\0';
            sprintf( fileName, "%s-%s.bin", cl_name, deviceName );
            legalizeFileName(fileName);
            if ( !WriteBinaryToFile( fileName, binaries[i], binarySizes[i] ) )
            {
                printf("[OD] write binary[%s] failed\n", fileName);
                return 0;
            } //else
            printf("[OD] write binary[%s] successfully\n", fileName);
        }
    }

    // Release all resouces and memory
    for ( i = 0; i < numDevices; i++ )
    {
      free(binaries[i]);
      binaries[i] = nullptr;
    }

    free(binaries);
    binaries = nullptr;

    free(binarySizes);
    binarySizes = nullptr;

    free(mpArryDevsID);
    mpArryDevsID = nullptr;

    return 1;
}

int OpenclDevice::CompileKernelFile( GPUEnv *gpuInfo, const char *buildOption )
{
//PERF_COUNT_START("CompileKernelFile")
    cl_int clStatus = 0;
    size_t length;
    char *buildLog = nullptr, *binary;
    const char *source;
    size_t source_size[1];
    int b_error, binary_status, binaryExisted, idx;
    cl_uint numDevices;
    cl_device_id *mpArryDevsID;
    FILE *fd, *fd1;
    const char* filename = "kernel.cl";
    //fprintf(stderr, "[OD] CompileKernelFile ... \n");
    if ( CachedOfKernerPrg(gpuInfo, filename) == 1 )
    {
        return 1;
    }

    idx = gpuInfo->mnFileCount;

    source = kernel_src;

    source_size[0] = strlen( source );
    binaryExisted = 0;
        binaryExisted = BinaryGenerated( filename, &fd ); // don't check for binary during microbenchmark
//PERF_COUNT_SUB("BinaryGenerated")
    if ( binaryExisted == 1 )
    {
      clStatus = clGetContextInfo(gpuInfo->mpContext, CL_CONTEXT_NUM_DEVICES,
                                  sizeof(numDevices), &numDevices, nullptr);
      CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clGetContextInfo");

      mpArryDevsID = (cl_device_id *)malloc(sizeof(cl_device_id) * numDevices);
      if (mpArryDevsID == nullptr) {
        return 0;
        }
//PERF_COUNT_SUB("get numDevices")
        b_error = 0;
        length = 0;
        b_error |= fseek( fd, 0, SEEK_END ) < 0;
        b_error |= ( length = ftell(fd) ) <= 0;
        b_error |= fseek( fd, 0, SEEK_SET ) < 0;
        if ( b_error )
        {
            return 0;
        }

        binary = (char*) malloc( length + 2 );
        if ( !binary )
        {
            return 0;
        }

        memset( binary, 0, length + 2 );
        b_error |= fread( binary, 1, length, fd ) != length;


        fclose( fd );
//PERF_COUNT_SUB("read file")
        fd = nullptr;
        // grab the handles to all of the devices in the context.
        clStatus = clGetContextInfo(gpuInfo->mpContext, CL_CONTEXT_DEVICES,
                                    sizeof(cl_device_id) * numDevices,
                                    mpArryDevsID, nullptr);
        CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clGetContextInfo" );
//PERF_COUNT_SUB("get devices")
        //fprintf(stderr, "[OD] Create kernel from binary\n");
        gpuInfo->mpArryPrograms[idx] = clCreateProgramWithBinary( gpuInfo->mpContext,numDevices,
                                           mpArryDevsID, &length, (const unsigned char**) &binary,
                                           &binary_status, &clStatus );
        CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clCreateProgramWithBinary" );
//PERF_COUNT_SUB("clCreateProgramWithBinary")
        free( binary );
        free( mpArryDevsID );
        mpArryDevsID = nullptr;
        // PERF_COUNT_SUB("binaryExisted")
    }
    else
    {
        // create a CL program using the kernel source
        //fprintf(stderr, "[OD] Create kernel from source\n");
        gpuInfo->mpArryPrograms[idx] = clCreateProgramWithSource( gpuInfo->mpContext, 1, &source,
                                         source_size, &clStatus);
        CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clCreateProgramWithSource" );
//PERF_COUNT_SUB("!binaryExisted")
    }

    if (gpuInfo->mpArryPrograms[idx] == (cl_program) nullptr) {
      return 0;
    }

    //char options[512];
    // create a cl program executable for all the devices specified
    //printf("[OD] BuildProgram.\n");
PERF_COUNT_START("OD::CompileKernel::clBuildProgram")
    if (!gpuInfo->mnIsUserCreated)
    {
      clStatus =
          clBuildProgram(gpuInfo->mpArryPrograms[idx], 1, gpuInfo->mpArryDevsID,
                         buildOption, nullptr, nullptr);
      // PERF_COUNT_SUB("clBuildProgram notUserCreated")
    }
    else
    {
      clStatus =
          clBuildProgram(gpuInfo->mpArryPrograms[idx], 1, &(gpuInfo->mpDevID),
                         buildOption, nullptr, nullptr);
      // PERF_COUNT_SUB("clBuildProgram isUserCreated")
    }
PERF_COUNT_END
    if ( clStatus != CL_SUCCESS )
    {
        printf ("BuildProgram error!\n");
        if ( !gpuInfo->mnIsUserCreated )
        {
          clStatus = clGetProgramBuildInfo(
              gpuInfo->mpArryPrograms[idx], gpuInfo->mpArryDevsID[0],
              CL_PROGRAM_BUILD_LOG, 0, nullptr, &length);
        }
        else
        {
          clStatus = clGetProgramBuildInfo(
              gpuInfo->mpArryPrograms[idx], gpuInfo->mpDevID,
              CL_PROGRAM_BUILD_LOG, 0, nullptr, &length);
        }
        if ( clStatus != CL_SUCCESS )
        {
            printf("opencl create build log fail\n");
            return 0;
        }
        buildLog = (char*) malloc( length );
        if (buildLog == (char *)nullptr) {
          return 0;
        }
        if ( !gpuInfo->mnIsUserCreated )
        {
            clStatus = clGetProgramBuildInfo( gpuInfo->mpArryPrograms[idx], gpuInfo->mpArryDevsID[0],
                           CL_PROGRAM_BUILD_LOG, length, buildLog, &length );
        }
        else
        {
            clStatus = clGetProgramBuildInfo( gpuInfo->mpArryPrograms[idx], gpuInfo->mpDevID,
                           CL_PROGRAM_BUILD_LOG, length, buildLog, &length );
        }
        if ( clStatus != CL_SUCCESS )
        {
            printf("opencl program build info fail\n");
            return 0;
        }

        fd1 = fopen( "kernel-build.log", "w+" );
        if (fd1 != nullptr) {
          fwrite(buildLog, sizeof(char), length, fd1);
          fclose(fd1);
        }

        free( buildLog );
//PERF_COUNT_SUB("build error log")
        return 0;
    }

    strcpy( gpuInfo->mArryKnelSrcFile[idx], filename );
//PERF_COUNT_SUB("strcpy")
    if ( binaryExisted == 0 ) {
        GeneratBinFromKernelSource( gpuInfo->mpArryPrograms[idx], filename );
        PERF_COUNT_SUB("GenerateBinFromKernelSource")
    }

    gpuInfo->mnFileCount += 1;
//PERF_COUNT_END
    return 1;
}

l_uint32* OpenclDevice::pixReadFromTiffKernel(l_uint32 *tiffdata,l_int32 w,l_int32 h,l_int32 wpl,l_uint32 *line)
{
PERF_COUNT_START("pixReadFromTiffKernel")
    cl_int clStatus;
    KernelEnv rEnv;
    size_t globalThreads[2];
    size_t localThreads[2];
    int gsize;
    cl_mem valuesCl;
    cl_mem outputCl;

    //global and local work dimensions for Horizontal pass
    gsize = (w + GROUPSIZE_X - 1)/ GROUPSIZE_X * GROUPSIZE_X;
    globalThreads[0] = gsize;
    gsize = (h + GROUPSIZE_Y - 1)/ GROUPSIZE_Y * GROUPSIZE_Y;
    globalThreads[1] = gsize;
    localThreads[0] = GROUPSIZE_X;
    localThreads[1] = GROUPSIZE_Y;

    SetKernelEnv( &rEnv );

    l_uint32 *pResult = (l_uint32 *)malloc(w*h * sizeof(l_uint32));
    rEnv.mpkKernel = clCreateKernel( rEnv.mpkProgram, "composeRGBPixel", &clStatus );
    CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clCreateKernel composeRGBPixel");

    //Allocate input and output OCL buffers
    valuesCl = allocateZeroCopyBuffer(rEnv, tiffdata, w*h, CL_MEM_READ_ONLY | CL_MEM_USE_HOST_PTR, &clStatus);
    outputCl = allocateZeroCopyBuffer(rEnv, pResult, w*h, CL_MEM_WRITE_ONLY | CL_MEM_USE_HOST_PTR, &clStatus);

    //Kernel arguments
    clStatus = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 0, sizeof(cl_mem), &valuesCl);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clSetKernelArg");
    clStatus = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 1, sizeof(w), &w);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clSetKernelArg" );
    clStatus = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, sizeof(h), &h);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clSetKernelArg" );
    clStatus = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 3, sizeof(wpl), &wpl);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clSetKernelArg" );
    clStatus = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 4, sizeof(cl_mem), &outputCl);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clSetKernelArg");

    //Kernel enqueue
PERF_COUNT_SUB("before")
clStatus =
    clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, nullptr,
                           globalThreads, localThreads, 0, nullptr, nullptr);
CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clEnqueueNDRangeKernel");

/* map results back from gpu */
void *ptr = clEnqueueMapBuffer(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, outputCl, CL_TRUE, CL_MAP_READ,
                               0, w * h * sizeof(l_uint32), 0, nullptr, nullptr,
                               &clStatus);
CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clEnqueueMapBuffer outputCl");
clEnqueueUnmapMemObject(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, outputCl, ptr, 0, nullptr, nullptr);

// Sync
clFinish(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue);
PERF_COUNT_SUB("kernel & map")
PERF_COUNT_END
    return pResult;
}

//Morphology Dilate operation for 5x5 structuring element. Invokes the relevant OpenCL kernels
static cl_int pixDilateCL_55(l_int32 wpl, l_int32 h) {
  size_t globalThreads[2];
  cl_mem pixtemp;
  cl_int status;
  int gsize;
  size_t localThreads[2];

  // Horizontal pass
  gsize = (wpl * h + GROUPSIZE_HMORX - 1) / GROUPSIZE_HMORX * GROUPSIZE_HMORX;
  globalThreads[0] = gsize;
  globalThreads[1] = GROUPSIZE_HMORY;
  localThreads[0] = GROUPSIZE_HMORX;
  localThreads[1] = GROUPSIZE_HMORY;

  rEnv.mpkKernel =
      clCreateKernel(rEnv.mpkProgram, "morphoDilateHor_5x5", &status);
  CHECK_OPENCL(status, "clCreateKernel morphoDilateHor_5x5");

  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 0, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixsCLBuffer);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 1, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixdCLBuffer);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, sizeof(wpl), &wpl);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 3, sizeof(h), &h);

  status =
      clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, nullptr,
                             globalThreads, localThreads, 0, nullptr, nullptr);

  // Swap source and dest buffers
  pixtemp = pixsCLBuffer;
  pixsCLBuffer = pixdCLBuffer;
  pixdCLBuffer = pixtemp;

  // Vertical
  gsize = (wpl + GROUPSIZE_X - 1) / GROUPSIZE_X * GROUPSIZE_X;
  globalThreads[0] = gsize;
  gsize = (h + GROUPSIZE_Y - 1) / GROUPSIZE_Y * GROUPSIZE_Y;
  globalThreads[1] = gsize;
  localThreads[0] = GROUPSIZE_X;
  localThreads[1] = GROUPSIZE_Y;

  rEnv.mpkKernel =
      clCreateKernel(rEnv.mpkProgram, "morphoDilateVer_5x5", &status);
  CHECK_OPENCL(status, "clCreateKernel morphoDilateVer_5x5");

  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 0, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixsCLBuffer);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 1, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixdCLBuffer);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, sizeof(wpl), &wpl);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 3, sizeof(h), &h);
  status =
      clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, nullptr,
                             globalThreads, localThreads, 0, nullptr, nullptr);

  return status;
}

//Morphology Erode operation for 5x5 structuring element. Invokes the relevant OpenCL kernels
static cl_int pixErodeCL_55(l_int32 wpl, l_int32 h) {
  size_t globalThreads[2];
  cl_mem pixtemp;
  cl_int status;
  int gsize;
  l_uint32 fwmask, lwmask;
  size_t localThreads[2];

  lwmask = lmask32[31 - 2];
  fwmask = rmask32[31 - 2];

  // Horizontal pass
  gsize = (wpl * h + GROUPSIZE_HMORX - 1) / GROUPSIZE_HMORX * GROUPSIZE_HMORX;
  globalThreads[0] = gsize;
  globalThreads[1] = GROUPSIZE_HMORY;
  localThreads[0] = GROUPSIZE_HMORX;
  localThreads[1] = GROUPSIZE_HMORY;

  rEnv.mpkKernel =
      clCreateKernel(rEnv.mpkProgram, "morphoErodeHor_5x5", &status);
  CHECK_OPENCL(status, "clCreateKernel morphoErodeHor_5x5");

  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 0, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixsCLBuffer);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 1, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixdCLBuffer);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, sizeof(wpl), &wpl);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 3, sizeof(h), &h);

  status =
      clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, nullptr,
                             globalThreads, localThreads, 0, nullptr, nullptr);

  // Swap source and dest buffers
  pixtemp = pixsCLBuffer;
  pixsCLBuffer = pixdCLBuffer;
  pixdCLBuffer = pixtemp;

  // Vertical
  gsize = (wpl + GROUPSIZE_X - 1) / GROUPSIZE_X * GROUPSIZE_X;
  globalThreads[0] = gsize;
  gsize = (h + GROUPSIZE_Y - 1) / GROUPSIZE_Y * GROUPSIZE_Y;
  globalThreads[1] = gsize;
  localThreads[0] = GROUPSIZE_X;
  localThreads[1] = GROUPSIZE_Y;

  rEnv.mpkKernel =
      clCreateKernel(rEnv.mpkProgram, "morphoErodeVer_5x5", &status);
  CHECK_OPENCL(status, "clCreateKernel morphoErodeVer_5x5");

  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 0, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixsCLBuffer);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 1, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixdCLBuffer);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, sizeof(wpl), &wpl);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 3, sizeof(h), &h);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 4, sizeof(fwmask), &fwmask);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 5, sizeof(lwmask), &lwmask);
  status =
      clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, nullptr,
                             globalThreads, localThreads, 0, nullptr, nullptr);

  return status;
}

//Morphology Dilate operation. Invokes the relevant OpenCL kernels
static cl_int pixDilateCL(l_int32 hsize, l_int32 vsize, l_int32 wpl,
                          l_int32 h) {
  l_int32 xp, yp, xn, yn;
  SEL *sel;
  size_t globalThreads[2];
  cl_mem pixtemp;
  cl_int status;
  int gsize;
  size_t localThreads[2];
  char isEven;

  OpenclDevice::SetKernelEnv(&rEnv);

  if (hsize == 5 && vsize == 5) {
    // Specific case for 5x5
    status = pixDilateCL_55(wpl, h);
    return status;
  }

  sel = selCreateBrick(vsize, hsize, vsize / 2, hsize / 2, SEL_HIT);

  selFindMaxTranslations(sel, &xp, &yp, &xn, &yn);
  selDestroy(&sel);
  // global and local work dimensions for Horizontal pass
  gsize = (wpl + GROUPSIZE_X - 1) / GROUPSIZE_X * GROUPSIZE_X;
  globalThreads[0] = gsize;
  gsize = (h + GROUPSIZE_Y - 1) / GROUPSIZE_Y * GROUPSIZE_Y;
  globalThreads[1] = gsize;
  localThreads[0] = GROUPSIZE_X;
  localThreads[1] = GROUPSIZE_Y;

  if (xp > 31 || xn > 31) {
    // Generic case.
    rEnv.mpkKernel =
        clCreateKernel(rEnv.mpkProgram, "morphoDilateHor", &status);
    CHECK_OPENCL(status, "clCreateKernel morphoDilateHor");

    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 0, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixsCLBuffer);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 1, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixdCLBuffer);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, sizeof(xp), &xp);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 3, sizeof(xn), &xn);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 4, sizeof(wpl), &wpl);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 5, sizeof(h), &h);
    status = clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, rEnv.mpkKernel, 2,
                                    nullptr, globalThreads, localThreads, 0,
                                    nullptr, nullptr);

    if (yp > 0 || yn > 0) {
      pixtemp = pixsCLBuffer;
      pixsCLBuffer = pixdCLBuffer;
      pixdCLBuffer = pixtemp;
    }
  } else if (xp > 0 || xn > 0) {
    // Specific Horizontal pass kernel for half width < 32
    rEnv.mpkKernel =
        clCreateKernel(rEnv.mpkProgram, "morphoDilateHor_32word", &status);
    CHECK_OPENCL(status, "clCreateKernel morphoDilateHor_32word");
    isEven = (xp != xn);

    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 0, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixsCLBuffer);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 1, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixdCLBuffer);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, sizeof(xp), &xp);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 3, sizeof(wpl), &wpl);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 4, sizeof(h), &h);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 5, sizeof(isEven), &isEven);
    status = clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, rEnv.mpkKernel, 2,
                                    nullptr, globalThreads, localThreads, 0,
                                    nullptr, nullptr);

    if (yp > 0 || yn > 0) {
      pixtemp = pixsCLBuffer;
      pixsCLBuffer = pixdCLBuffer;
      pixdCLBuffer = pixtemp;
    }
  }

  if (yp > 0 || yn > 0) {
    rEnv.mpkKernel =
        clCreateKernel(rEnv.mpkProgram, "morphoDilateVer", &status);
    CHECK_OPENCL(status, "clCreateKernel morphoDilateVer");

    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 0, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixsCLBuffer);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 1, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixdCLBuffer);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, sizeof(yp), &yp);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 3, sizeof(wpl), &wpl);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 4, sizeof(h), &h);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 5, sizeof(yn), &yn);
    status = clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, rEnv.mpkKernel, 2,
                                    nullptr, globalThreads, localThreads, 0,
                                    nullptr, nullptr);
  }

  return status;
}

//Morphology Erode operation. Invokes the relevant OpenCL kernels
static cl_int pixErodeCL(l_int32 hsize, l_int32 vsize, l_uint32 wpl,
                         l_uint32 h) {
  l_int32 xp, yp, xn, yn;
  SEL *sel;
  size_t globalThreads[2];
  size_t localThreads[2];
  cl_mem pixtemp;
  cl_int status;
  int gsize;
  char isAsymmetric = (MORPH_BC == ASYMMETRIC_MORPH_BC);
  l_uint32 rwmask, lwmask;
  char isEven;

  sel = selCreateBrick(vsize, hsize, vsize / 2, hsize / 2, SEL_HIT);

  selFindMaxTranslations(sel, &xp, &yp, &xn, &yn);
  selDestroy(&sel);
  OpenclDevice::SetKernelEnv(&rEnv);

  if (hsize == 5 && vsize == 5 && isAsymmetric) {
    // Specific kernel for 5x5
    status = pixErodeCL_55(wpl, h);
    return status;
  }

  lwmask = lmask32[31 - (xn & 31)];
  rwmask = rmask32[31 - (xp & 31)];

  // global and local work dimensions for Horizontal pass
  gsize = (wpl + GROUPSIZE_X - 1) / GROUPSIZE_X * GROUPSIZE_X;
  globalThreads[0] = gsize;
  gsize = (h + GROUPSIZE_Y - 1) / GROUPSIZE_Y * GROUPSIZE_Y;
  globalThreads[1] = gsize;
  localThreads[0] = GROUPSIZE_X;
  localThreads[1] = GROUPSIZE_Y;

  // Horizontal Pass
  if (xp > 31 || xn > 31) {
    // Generic case.
    rEnv.mpkKernel = clCreateKernel(rEnv.mpkProgram, "morphoErodeHor", &status);

    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 0, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixsCLBuffer);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 1, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixdCLBuffer);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, sizeof(xp), &xp);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 3, sizeof(xn), &xn);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 4, sizeof(wpl), &wpl);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 5, sizeof(h), &h);
    status =
        clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 6, sizeof(isAsymmetric), &isAsymmetric);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 7, sizeof(rwmask), &rwmask);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 8, sizeof(lwmask), &lwmask);
    status = clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, rEnv.mpkKernel, 2,
                                    nullptr, globalThreads, localThreads, 0,
                                    nullptr, nullptr);

    if (yp > 0 || yn > 0) {
      pixtemp = pixsCLBuffer;
      pixsCLBuffer = pixdCLBuffer;
      pixdCLBuffer = pixtemp;
    }
  } else if (xp > 0 || xn > 0) {
    rEnv.mpkKernel =
        clCreateKernel(rEnv.mpkProgram, "morphoErodeHor_32word", &status);
    isEven = (xp != xn);

    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 0, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixsCLBuffer);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 1, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixdCLBuffer);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, sizeof(xp), &xp);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 3, sizeof(wpl), &wpl);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 4, sizeof(h), &h);
    status =
        clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 5, sizeof(isAsymmetric), &isAsymmetric);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 6, sizeof(rwmask), &rwmask);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 7, sizeof(lwmask), &lwmask);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 8, sizeof(isEven), &isEven);
    status = clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, rEnv.mpkKernel, 2,
                                    nullptr, globalThreads, localThreads, 0,
                                    nullptr, nullptr);

    if (yp > 0 || yn > 0) {
      pixtemp = pixsCLBuffer;
      pixsCLBuffer = pixdCLBuffer;
      pixdCLBuffer = pixtemp;
    }
  }

  // Vertical Pass
  if (yp > 0 || yn > 0) {
    rEnv.mpkKernel = clCreateKernel(rEnv.mpkProgram, "morphoErodeVer", &status);
    CHECK_OPENCL(status, "clCreateKernel morphoErodeVer");

    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 0, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixsCLBuffer);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 1, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixdCLBuffer);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, sizeof(yp), &yp);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 3, sizeof(wpl), &wpl);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 4, sizeof(h), &h);
    status =
        clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 5, sizeof(isAsymmetric), &isAsymmetric);
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 6, sizeof(yn), &yn);
    status = clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, rEnv.mpkKernel, 2,
                                    nullptr, globalThreads, localThreads, 0,
                                    nullptr, nullptr);
  }

  return status;
}

//Morphology Open operation. Invokes the relevant OpenCL kernels
static cl_int pixOpenCL(l_int32 hsize, l_int32 vsize, l_int32 wpl, l_int32 h) {
  cl_int status;
  cl_mem pixtemp;

  // Erode followed by Dilate
  status = pixErodeCL(hsize, vsize, wpl, h);

  pixtemp = pixsCLBuffer;
  pixsCLBuffer = pixdCLBuffer;
  pixdCLBuffer = pixtemp;

  status = pixDilateCL(hsize, vsize, wpl, h);

  return status;
}

//Morphology Close operation. Invokes the relevant OpenCL kernels
static cl_int pixCloseCL(l_int32 hsize, l_int32 vsize, l_int32 wpl, l_int32 h) {
  cl_int status;
  cl_mem pixtemp;

  // Dilate followed by Erode
  status = pixDilateCL(hsize, vsize, wpl, h);

  pixtemp = pixsCLBuffer;
  pixsCLBuffer = pixdCLBuffer;
  pixdCLBuffer = pixtemp;

  status = pixErodeCL(hsize, vsize, wpl, h);

  return status;
}

//output = buffer1 & ~(buffer2)
static cl_int pixSubtractCL_work(l_uint32 wpl, l_uint32 h, cl_mem buffer1,
                                 cl_mem buffer2, cl_mem outBuffer = nullptr) {
  cl_int status;
  size_t globalThreads[2];
  int gsize;
  size_t localThreads[] = {GROUPSIZE_X, GROUPSIZE_Y};

  gsize = (wpl + GROUPSIZE_X - 1) / GROUPSIZE_X * GROUPSIZE_X;
  globalThreads[0] = gsize;
  gsize = (h + GROUPSIZE_Y - 1) / GROUPSIZE_Y * GROUPSIZE_Y;
  globalThreads[1] = gsize;

  if (outBuffer != nullptr) {
    rEnv.mpkKernel = clCreateKernel(rEnv.mpkProgram, "pixSubtract", &status);
    CHECK_OPENCL(status, "clCreateKernel pixSubtract");
  } else {
    rEnv.mpkKernel =
        clCreateKernel(rEnv.mpkProgram, "pixSubtract_inplace", &status);
    CHECK_OPENCL(status, "clCreateKernel pixSubtract_inplace");
  }

  // Enqueue a kernel run call.
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 0, sizeof(cl_mem), &buffer1);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 1, sizeof(cl_mem), &buffer2);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, sizeof(wpl), &wpl);
  status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 3, sizeof(h), &h);
  if (outBuffer != nullptr) {
    status = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 4, sizeof(cl_mem), &outBuffer);
  }
  status =
      clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, nullptr,
                             globalThreads, localThreads, 0, nullptr, nullptr);

  return status;
}

// OpenCL implementation of Get Lines from pix function
//Note: Assumes the source and dest opencl buffer are initialized. No check done
void OpenclDevice::pixGetLinesCL(Pix *pixd, Pix *pixs, Pix **pix_vline,
                                 Pix **pix_hline, Pix **pixClosed,
                                 bool getpixClosed, l_int32 close_hsize,
                                 l_int32 close_vsize, l_int32 open_hsize,
                                 l_int32 open_vsize, l_int32 line_hsize,
                                 l_int32 line_vsize) {
  l_uint32 wpl, h;
  cl_mem pixtemp;

  wpl = pixGetWpl(pixs);
  h = pixGetHeight(pixs);

  // First step : Close Morph operation: Dilate followed by Erode
  clStatus = pixCloseCL(close_hsize, close_vsize, wpl, h);

  // Copy the Close output to CPU buffer
  if (getpixClosed) {
    *pixClosed = mapOutputCLBuffer(rEnv, pixdCLBuffer, *pixClosed, pixs,
                                   wpl * h, CL_MAP_READ, true, false);
  }

  // Store the output of close operation in an intermediate buffer
  // this will be later used for pixsubtract
  clStatus =
      clEnqueueCopyBuffer(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, pixdCLBuffer, pixdCLIntermediate, 0,
                          0, sizeof(int) * wpl * h, 0, nullptr, nullptr);

  // Second step: Open Operation - Erode followed by Dilate
  pixtemp = pixsCLBuffer;
  pixsCLBuffer = pixdCLBuffer;
  pixdCLBuffer = pixtemp;

  clStatus = pixOpenCL(open_hsize, open_vsize, wpl, h);

  // Third step: Subtract : (Close - Open)
  pixtemp = pixsCLBuffer;
  pixsCLBuffer = pixdCLBuffer;
  pixdCLBuffer = pixdCLIntermediate;
  pixdCLIntermediate = pixtemp;

  clStatus = pixSubtractCL_work(wpl, h, pixdCLBuffer, pixsCLBuffer);

  // Store the output of Hollow operation in an intermediate buffer
  // this will be later used
  clStatus =
      clEnqueueCopyBuffer(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, pixdCLBuffer, pixdCLIntermediate, 0,
                          0, sizeof(int) * wpl * h, 0, nullptr, nullptr);

  pixtemp = pixsCLBuffer;
  pixsCLBuffer = pixdCLBuffer;
  pixdCLBuffer = pixtemp;

  // Fourth step: Get vertical line
  // pixOpenBrick(nullptr, pix_hollow, 1, min_line_length);
  clStatus = pixOpenCL(1, line_vsize, wpl, h);

  // Copy the vertical line output to CPU buffer
  *pix_vline = mapOutputCLBuffer(rEnv, pixdCLBuffer, *pix_vline, pixs, wpl * h,
                                 CL_MAP_READ, true, false);

  pixtemp = pixsCLBuffer;
  pixsCLBuffer = pixdCLIntermediate;
  pixdCLIntermediate = pixtemp;

  // Fifth step: Get horizontal line
  // pixOpenBrick(nullptr, pix_hollow, min_line_length, 1);
  clStatus = pixOpenCL(line_hsize, 1, wpl, h);

  // Copy the horizontal line output to CPU buffer
  *pix_hline = mapOutputCLBuffer(rEnv, pixdCLBuffer, *pix_hline, pixs, wpl * h,
                                 CL_MAP_READ, true, true);

  return;
}

/*************************************************************************
 *  HistogramRect
 *  Otsu Thresholding Operations
 *  histogramAllChannels is laid out as all channel 0, then all channel 1...
 *  only supports 1 or 4 channels (bytes_per_pixel)
 ************************************************************************/
int OpenclDevice::HistogramRectOCL(unsigned char *imageData,
                                   int bytes_per_pixel, int bytes_per_line,
                                   int left,  // always 0
                                   int top,   // always 0
                                   int width, int height, int kHistogramSize,
                                   int *histogramAllChannels) {
  PERF_COUNT_START("HistogramRectOCL")
  cl_int clStatus;
  int retVal = 0;
  KernelEnv histKern;
  SetKernelEnv(&histKern);
  KernelEnv histRedKern;
  SetKernelEnv(&histRedKern);
  /* map imagedata to device as read only */
  // USE_HOST_PTR uses onion+ bus which is slowest option; also happens to be
  // coherent which we don't need.
  // faster option would be to allocate initial image buffer
  // using a garlic bus memory type
  cl_mem imageBuffer = clCreateBuffer(
      histKern.mpkContext, CL_MEM_READ_ONLY | CL_MEM_USE_HOST_PTR,
      width * height * bytes_per_pixel * sizeof(char), imageData, &clStatus);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clCreateBuffer imageBuffer");

  /* setup work group size parameters */
  int block_size = 256;
  cl_uint numCUs;
  clStatus = clGetDeviceInfo(gpuEnv.mpDevID, CL_DEVICE_MAX_COMPUTE_UNITS,
                             sizeof(numCUs), &numCUs, nullptr);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clCreateBuffer imageBuffer");

  int requestedOccupancy = 10;
  int numWorkGroups = numCUs * requestedOccupancy;
  int numThreads = block_size * numWorkGroups;
  size_t local_work_size[] = {static_cast<size_t>(block_size)};
  size_t global_work_size[] = {static_cast<size_t>(numThreads)};
  size_t red_global_work_size[] = {
      static_cast<size_t>(block_size * kHistogramSize * bytes_per_pixel)};

  /* map histogramAllChannels as write only */

  cl_mem histogramBuffer = clCreateBuffer(
      histKern.mpkContext, CL_MEM_READ_WRITE | CL_MEM_USE_HOST_PTR,
      kHistogramSize * bytes_per_pixel * sizeof(int), histogramAllChannels,
      &clStatus);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clCreateBuffer histogramBuffer");

  /* intermediate histogram buffer */
  int histRed = 256;
  int tmpHistogramBins = kHistogramSize * bytes_per_pixel * histRed;

  cl_mem tmpHistogramBuffer =
      clCreateBuffer(histKern.mpkContext, CL_MEM_READ_WRITE,
                     tmpHistogramBins * sizeof(cl_uint), nullptr, &clStatus);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clCreateBuffer tmpHistogramBuffer");

  /* atomic sync buffer */
  int *zeroBuffer = new int[1];
  zeroBuffer[0] = 0;
  cl_mem atomicSyncBuffer = clCreateBuffer(
      histKern.mpkContext, CL_MEM_READ_WRITE | CL_MEM_COPY_HOST_PTR,
      sizeof(cl_int), zeroBuffer, &clStatus);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clCreateBuffer atomicSyncBuffer");
  delete[] zeroBuffer;
  // Create kernel objects based on bytes_per_pixel
  if (bytes_per_pixel == 1) {
    histKern.mpkKernel = clCreateKernel(
        histKern.mpkProgram, "kernel_HistogramRectOneChannel", &clStatus);
    CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clCreateKernel kernel_HistogramRectOneChannel");

    histRedKern.mpkKernel =
        clCreateKernel(histRedKern.mpkProgram,
                       "kernel_HistogramRectOneChannelReduction", &clStatus);
    CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus,
                 "clCreateKernel kernel_HistogramRectOneChannelReduction");
  } else {
    histKern.mpkKernel = clCreateKernel( histKern.mpkProgram, "kernel_HistogramRectAllChannels", &clStatus );
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clCreateKernel kernel_HistogramRectAllChannels");

    histRedKern.mpkKernel = clCreateKernel( histRedKern.mpkProgram, "kernel_HistogramRectAllChannelsReduction", &clStatus );
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clCreateKernel kernel_HistogramRectAllChannelsReduction");
    }

    void *ptr;

    //Initialize tmpHistogramBuffer buffer
    ptr = clEnqueueMapBuffer(
        histKern.mpkCmdQueue, tmpHistogramBuffer, CL_TRUE, CL_MAP_WRITE, 0,
        tmpHistogramBins * sizeof(cl_uint), 0, nullptr, nullptr, &clStatus);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clEnqueueMapBuffer tmpHistogramBuffer");

    memset(ptr, 0, tmpHistogramBins*sizeof(cl_uint));
    clEnqueueUnmapMemObject(histKern.mpkCmdQueue, tmpHistogramBuffer, ptr, 0,
                            nullptr, nullptr);

    /* set kernel 1 arguments */
    clStatus =
        clSetKernelArg(histKern.mpkKernel, 0, sizeof(cl_mem), &imageBuffer);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clSetKernelArg imageBuffer");
    cl_uint numPixels = width*height;
    clStatus =
        clSetKernelArg(histKern.mpkKernel, 1, sizeof(cl_uint), &numPixels);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clSetKernelArg numPixels" );
    clStatus = clSetKernelArg(histKern.mpkKernel, 2, sizeof(cl_mem),
                              &tmpHistogramBuffer);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clSetKernelArg tmpHistogramBuffer");

    /* set kernel 2 arguments */
    int n = numThreads/bytes_per_pixel;
    clStatus = clSetKernelArg(histRedKern.mpkKernel, 0, sizeof(cl_int), &n);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clSetKernelArg imageBuffer");
    clStatus = clSetKernelArg(histRedKern.mpkKernel, 1, sizeof(cl_mem),
                              &tmpHistogramBuffer);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clSetKernelArg tmpHistogramBuffer");
    clStatus = clSetKernelArg(histRedKern.mpkKernel, 2, sizeof(cl_mem),
                              &histogramBuffer);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clSetKernelArg histogramBuffer");

    /* launch histogram */
PERF_COUNT_SUB("before")
clStatus = clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(histKern.mpkCmdQueue, histKern.mpkKernel, 1,
                                  nullptr, global_work_size, local_work_size, 0,
                                  nullptr, nullptr);
CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus,
             "clEnqueueNDRangeKernel kernel_HistogramRectAllChannels");
clFinish(histKern.mpkCmdQueue);
if (clStatus != 0) {
  retVal = -1;
    }
    /* launch histogram */
    clStatus = clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(
        histRedKern.mpkCmdQueue, histRedKern.mpkKernel, 1, nullptr,
        red_global_work_size, local_work_size, 0, nullptr, nullptr);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clEnqueueNDRangeKernel kernel_HistogramRectAllChannelsReduction" );
    clFinish( histRedKern.mpkCmdQueue );
    if (clStatus != 0) {
      retVal = -1;
    }
    PERF_COUNT_SUB("redKernel")

    /* map results back from gpu */
    ptr = clEnqueueMapBuffer(histRedKern.mpkCmdQueue, histogramBuffer, CL_TRUE,
                             CL_MAP_READ, 0,
                             kHistogramSize * bytes_per_pixel * sizeof(int), 0,
                             nullptr, nullptr, &clStatus);
    CHECK_OPENCL( clStatus, "clEnqueueMapBuffer histogramBuffer");
    if (clStatus != 0) {
      retVal = -1;
    }
    clEnqueueUnmapMemObject(histRedKern.mpkCmdQueue, histogramBuffer, ptr, 0,
                            nullptr, nullptr);

    clReleaseMemObject(histogramBuffer);
    clReleaseMemObject(imageBuffer);
PERF_COUNT_SUB("after")
PERF_COUNT_END
return retVal;
}

/*************************************************************************
 * Threshold the rectangle, taking everything except the image buffer pointer
 * from the class, using thresholds/hi_values to the output IMAGE.
 * only supports 1 or 4 channels
 ************************************************************************/
int OpenclDevice::ThresholdRectToPixOCL(unsigned char *imageData,
                                        int bytes_per_pixel, int bytes_per_line,
                                        int *thresholds, int *hi_values,
                                        Pix **pix, int height, int width,
                                        int top, int left) {
  PERF_COUNT_START("ThresholdRectToPixOCL")
  int retVal = 0;
  /* create pix result buffer */
  *pix = pixCreate(width, height, 1);
  uint32_t *pixData = pixGetData(*pix);
  int wpl = pixGetWpl(*pix);
  int pixSize = wpl * height * sizeof(uint32_t);  // number of pixels

  cl_int clStatus;
  KernelEnv rEnv;
  SetKernelEnv(&rEnv);

  /* setup work group size parameters */
  int block_size = 256;
  cl_uint numCUs = 6;
  clStatus = clGetDeviceInfo(gpuEnv.mpDevID, CL_DEVICE_MAX_COMPUTE_UNITS,
                             sizeof(numCUs), &numCUs, nullptr);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clCreateBuffer imageBuffer");

  int requestedOccupancy = 10;
  int numWorkGroups = numCUs * requestedOccupancy;
  int numThreads = block_size * numWorkGroups;
  size_t local_work_size[] = {(size_t)block_size};
  size_t global_work_size[] = {(size_t)numThreads};

  /* map imagedata to device as read only */
  // USE_HOST_PTR uses onion+ bus which is slowest option; also happens to be
  // coherent which we don't need.
  // faster option would be to allocate initial image buffer
  // using a garlic bus memory type
  cl_mem imageBuffer = clCreateBuffer(
      rEnv.mpkContext, CL_MEM_READ_ONLY | CL_MEM_USE_HOST_PTR,
      width * height * bytes_per_pixel * sizeof(char), imageData, &clStatus);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clCreateBuffer imageBuffer");

  /* map pix as write only */
  pixThBuffer =
      clCreateBuffer(rEnv.mpkContext, CL_MEM_READ_WRITE | CL_MEM_USE_HOST_PTR,
                     pixSize, pixData, &clStatus);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clCreateBuffer pix");

  /* map thresholds and hi_values */
  cl_mem thresholdsBuffer =
      clCreateBuffer(rEnv.mpkContext, CL_MEM_READ_ONLY | CL_MEM_USE_HOST_PTR,
                     bytes_per_pixel * sizeof(int), thresholds, &clStatus);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clCreateBuffer thresholdBuffer");
  cl_mem hiValuesBuffer =
      clCreateBuffer(rEnv.mpkContext, CL_MEM_READ_ONLY | CL_MEM_USE_HOST_PTR,
                     bytes_per_pixel * sizeof(int), hi_values, &clStatus);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clCreateBuffer hiValuesBuffer");

  /* compile kernel */
  if (bytes_per_pixel == 4) {
    rEnv.mpkKernel =
        clCreateKernel(rEnv.mpkProgram, "kernel_ThresholdRectToPix", &clStatus);
    CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clCreateKernel kernel_ThresholdRectToPix");
  } else {
    rEnv.mpkKernel = clCreateKernel(
        rEnv.mpkProgram, "kernel_ThresholdRectToPix_OneChan", &clStatus);
    CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clCreateKernel kernel_ThresholdRectToPix_OneChan");
  }

  /* set kernel arguments */
  clStatus = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 0, sizeof(cl_mem), &imageBuffer);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clSetKernelArg imageBuffer");
  clStatus = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 1, sizeof(int), &height);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clSetKernelArg height");
  clStatus = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 2, sizeof(int), &width);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clSetKernelArg width");
  clStatus = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 3, sizeof(int), &wpl);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clSetKernelArg wpl");
  clStatus =
      clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 4, sizeof(cl_mem), &thresholdsBuffer);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clSetKernelArg thresholdsBuffer");
  clStatus = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 5, sizeof(cl_mem), &hiValuesBuffer);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clSetKernelArg hiValuesBuffer");
  clStatus = clSetKernelArg(rEnv.mpkKernel, 6, sizeof(cl_mem), &pixThBuffer);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clSetKernelArg pixThBuffer");

  /* launch kernel & wait */
  PERF_COUNT_SUB("before")
  clStatus = clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, rEnv.mpkKernel, 1,
                                    nullptr, global_work_size, local_work_size,
                                    0, nullptr, nullptr);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clEnqueueNDRangeKernel kernel_ThresholdRectToPix");
  clFinish(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue);
  PERF_COUNT_SUB("kernel")
  if (clStatus != 0) {
    printf("Setting return value to -1\n");
    retVal = -1;
  }
  /* map results back from gpu */
  void *ptr =
      clEnqueueMapBuffer(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, pixThBuffer, CL_TRUE, CL_MAP_READ, 0,
                         pixSize, 0, nullptr, nullptr, &clStatus);
  CHECK_OPENCL(clStatus, "clEnqueueMapBuffer histogramBuffer");
  clEnqueueUnmapMemObject(rEnv.mpkCmdQueue, pixThBuffer, ptr, 0, nullptr,
                          nullptr);

  clReleaseMemObject(imageBuffer);
  clReleaseMemObject(thresholdsBuffer);
  clReleaseMemObject(hiValuesBuffer);

  PERF_COUNT_SUB("after")
  PERF_COUNT_END
  return retVal;
}



/******************************************************************************
 * Data Types for Device Selection
 *****************************************************************************/

typedef struct _TessScoreEvaluationInputData {
    int height;
    int width;
    int numChannels;
    unsigned char *imageData;
    Pix *pix;
} TessScoreEvaluationInputData;

static void populateTessScoreEvaluationInputData(
    TessScoreEvaluationInputData *input) {
  srand(1);
  // 8.5x11 inches @ 300dpi rounded to clean multiples
  int height = 3328;  // %256
  int width = 2560;   // %512
  int numChannels = 4;
  input->height = height;
  input->width = width;
  input->numChannels = numChannels;
  unsigned char(*imageData4)[4] = (unsigned char(*)[4])malloc(
      height * width * numChannels *
      sizeof(unsigned char));  // new unsigned char[4][height*width];
  input->imageData = (unsigned char *)&imageData4[0];

  // zero out image
  unsigned char pixelWhite[4] = {0, 0, 0, 255};
  unsigned char pixelBlack[4] = {255, 255, 255, 255};
  for (int p = 0; p < height * width; p++) {
    // unsigned char tmp[4] = imageData4[0];
    imageData4[p][0] = pixelWhite[0];
    imageData4[p][1] = pixelWhite[1];
    imageData4[p][2] = pixelWhite[2];
    imageData4[p][3] = pixelWhite[3];
  }
  // random lines to be eliminated
  int maxLineWidth = 64;  // pixels wide
  int numLines = 10;
  // vertical lines
  for (int i = 0; i < numLines; i++) {
    int lineWidth = rand() % maxLineWidth;
    int vertLinePos = lineWidth + rand() % (width - 2 * lineWidth);
    // printf("[PI] VerticalLine @ %i (w=%i)\n", vertLinePos, lineWidth);
    for (int row = vertLinePos - lineWidth / 2;
         row < vertLinePos + lineWidth / 2; row++) {
      for (int col = 0; col < height; col++) {
        // imageData4[row*width+col] = pixelBlack;
        imageData4[row * width + col][0] = pixelBlack[0];
        imageData4[row * width + col][1] = pixelBlack[1];
        imageData4[row * width + col][2] = pixelBlack[2];
        imageData4[row * width + col][3] = pixelBlack[3];
      }
    }
  }
  // horizontal lines
  for (int i = 0; i < numLines; i++) {
    int lineWidth = rand() % maxLineWidth;
    int horLinePos = lineWidth + rand() % (height - 2 * lineWidth);
    // printf("[PI] HorizontalLine @ %i (w=%i)\n", horLinePos, lineWidth);
    for (int row = 0; row < width; row++) {
      for (int col = horLinePos - lineWidth / 2;
           col < horLinePos + lineWidth / 2;
           col++) {  // for (int row = vertLinePos-lineWidth/2; row <
                     // vertLinePos+lineWidth/2; row++) {
        // printf("[PI] HoizLine pix @ (%3i, %3i)\n", row, col);
        // imageData4[row*width+col] = pixelBlack;
        imageData4[row * width + col][0] = pixelBlack[0];
        imageData4[row * width + col][1] = pixelBlack[1];
        imageData4[row * width + col][2] = pixelBlack[2];
        imageData4[row * width + col][3] = pixelBlack[3];
      }
    }
  }
  // spots (noise, squares)
  float fractionBlack = 0.1;  // how much of the image should be blackened
  int numSpots =
      (height * width) * fractionBlack / (maxLineWidth * maxLineWidth / 2 / 2);
  for (int i = 0; i < numSpots; i++) {
    int lineWidth = rand() % maxLineWidth;
    int col = lineWidth + rand() % (width - 2 * lineWidth);
    int row = lineWidth + rand() % (height - 2 * lineWidth);
    // printf("[PI] Spot[%i/%i] @ (%3i, %3i)\n", i, numSpots, row, col );
    for (int r = row - lineWidth / 2; r < row + lineWidth / 2; r++) {
      for (int c = col - lineWidth / 2; c < col + lineWidth / 2; c++) {
        // printf("[PI] \tSpot[%i/%i] @ (%3i, %3i)\n", i, numSpots, r, c );
        // imageData4[row*width+col] = pixelBlack;
        imageData4[r * width + c][0] = pixelBlack[0];
        imageData4[r * width + c][1] = pixelBlack[1];
        imageData4[r * width + c][2] = pixelBlack[2];
        imageData4[r * width + c][3] = pixelBlack[3];
      }
    }
  }

  input->pix = pixCreate(input->width, input->height, 1);
}

typedef struct _TessDeviceScore {
    float time; // small time means faster device
    bool clError; // were there any opencl errors
    bool valid; // was the correct response generated
} TessDeviceScore;

/******************************************************************************
 * Micro Benchmarks for Device Selection
 *****************************************************************************/

static double composeRGBPixelMicroBench(GPUEnv *env,
                                        TessScoreEvaluationInputData input,
                                        ds_device_type type) {
  double time = 0;
#if ON_WINDOWS
    LARGE_INTEGER freq, time_funct_start, time_funct_end;
    QueryPerformanceFrequency(&freq);
#elif ON_APPLE
    mach_timebase_info_data_t info = {0, 0};
    mach_timebase_info(&info);
    long long start, stop;
#else
    timespec time_funct_start, time_funct_end;
#endif
    // input data
    l_uint32 *tiffdata = (l_uint32 *)input.imageData;// same size and random data; data doesn't change workload

    // function call
    if (type == DS_DEVICE_OPENCL_DEVICE) {
#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_start);
#elif ON_APPLE
      start = mach_absolute_time();
#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_start );
#endif

        OpenclDevice::gpuEnv = *env;
        int wpl = pixGetWpl(input.pix);
        OpenclDevice::pixReadFromTiffKernel(tiffdata, input.width, input.height,
                                            wpl, nullptr);
#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_end);
        time = (time_funct_end.QuadPart-time_funct_start.QuadPart)/(double)(freq.QuadPart);
#elif ON_APPLE
        stop = mach_absolute_time();
        time = ((stop - start) * (double)info.numer / info.denom) / 1.0E9;
#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_end );
        time = (time_funct_end.tv_sec - time_funct_start.tv_sec)*1.0 + (time_funct_end.tv_nsec - time_funct_start.tv_nsec)/1000000000.0;
#endif

    } else {
#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_start);
#elif ON_APPLE
      start = mach_absolute_time();
#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_start );
#endif
        Pix *pix = pixCreate(input.width, input.height, 32);
        l_uint32 *pixData = pixGetData(pix);
        int i, j;
        int idx = 0;
        for (i = 0; i < input.height ; i++) {
            for (j = 0; j < input.width; j++) {
                l_uint32 tiffword = tiffdata[i * input.width + j];
                l_int32 rval = ((tiffword) & 0xff);
                l_int32 gval = (((tiffword) >> 8) & 0xff);
                l_int32 bval = (((tiffword) >> 16) & 0xff);
                l_uint32 value = (rval << 24) | (gval << 16) | (bval << 8);
                pixData[idx] = value;
                idx++;
            }
        }
#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_end);
        time = (time_funct_end.QuadPart-time_funct_start.QuadPart)/(double)(freq.QuadPart);
#elif ON_APPLE
        stop = mach_absolute_time();
        time = ((stop - start) * (double)info.numer / info.denom) / 1.0E9;
#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_end );
        time = (time_funct_end.tv_sec - time_funct_start.tv_sec)*1.0 + (time_funct_end.tv_nsec - time_funct_start.tv_nsec)/1000000000.0;
#endif
        pixDestroy(&pix);
    }


    // cleanup

    return time;
}

static double histogramRectMicroBench(GPUEnv *env,
                                      TessScoreEvaluationInputData input,
                                      ds_device_type type) {
  double time;
#if ON_WINDOWS
    LARGE_INTEGER freq, time_funct_start, time_funct_end;
    QueryPerformanceFrequency(&freq);
#elif ON_APPLE
    mach_timebase_info_data_t info = {0, 0};
    mach_timebase_info(&info);
    long long start, stop;
#else
    timespec time_funct_start, time_funct_end;
#endif

    int left = 0;
    int top = 0;
    int kHistogramSize = 256;
    int bytes_per_line = input.width*input.numChannels;
    int *histogramAllChannels = new int[kHistogramSize*input.numChannels];
    // function call
    if (type == DS_DEVICE_OPENCL_DEVICE) {
#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_start);
#elif ON_APPLE
      start = mach_absolute_time();
#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_start );
#endif

        OpenclDevice::gpuEnv = *env;
        int retVal = OpenclDevice::HistogramRectOCL(
            input.imageData, input.numChannels, bytes_per_line, top, left,
            input.width, input.height, kHistogramSize, histogramAllChannels);

#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_end);
        time = (time_funct_end.QuadPart-time_funct_start.QuadPart)/(double)(freq.QuadPart);
#elif ON_APPLE
        stop = mach_absolute_time();
        if (retVal == 0) {
          time = ((stop - start) * (double)info.numer / info.denom) / 1.0E9;
        } else {
          time = FLT_MAX;
        }
#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_end );
        time = (time_funct_end.tv_sec - time_funct_start.tv_sec)*1.0 + (time_funct_end.tv_nsec - time_funct_start.tv_nsec)/1000000000.0;
#endif
    } else {
        int *histogram = new int[kHistogramSize];
#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_start);
#elif ON_APPLE
        start = mach_absolute_time();
#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_start );
#endif
        for (int ch = 0; ch < input.numChannels; ++ch) {
          tesseract::HistogramRect(input.pix, input.numChannels, left, top,
                                   input.width, input.height, histogram);
        }
#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_end);
        time = (time_funct_end.QuadPart-time_funct_start.QuadPart)/(double)(freq.QuadPart);
#elif ON_APPLE
        stop = mach_absolute_time();
        time = ((stop - start) * (double)info.numer / info.denom) / 1.0E9;
#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_end );
        time = (time_funct_end.tv_sec - time_funct_start.tv_sec)*1.0 + (time_funct_end.tv_nsec - time_funct_start.tv_nsec)/1000000000.0;
#endif
        delete[] histogram;
    }

    // cleanup
    delete[] histogramAllChannels;
    return time;
}

//Reproducing the ThresholdRectToPix native version
static void ThresholdRectToPix_Native(const unsigned char *imagedata,
                                      int bytes_per_pixel, int bytes_per_line,
                                      const int *thresholds,
                                      const int *hi_values, Pix **pix) {
  int top = 0;
  int left = 0;
  int width = pixGetWidth(*pix);
  int height = pixGetHeight(*pix);

  *pix = pixCreate(width, height, 1);
  uint32_t *pixdata = pixGetData(*pix);
  int wpl = pixGetWpl(*pix);
  const unsigned char* srcdata = imagedata + top * bytes_per_line +
                                 left * bytes_per_pixel;
  for (int y = 0; y < height; ++y) {
    const uint8_t *linedata = srcdata;
    uint32_t *pixline = pixdata + y * wpl;
    for (int x = 0; x < width; ++x, linedata += bytes_per_pixel) {
      bool white_result = true;
      for (int ch = 0; ch < bytes_per_pixel; ++ch) {
        if (hi_values[ch] >= 0 &&
            (linedata[ch] > thresholds[ch]) == (hi_values[ch] == 0)) {
          white_result = false;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (white_result)
        CLEAR_DATA_BIT(pixline, x);
      else
        SET_DATA_BIT(pixline, x);
    }
    srcdata += bytes_per_line;
  }
}

static double thresholdRectToPixMicroBench(GPUEnv *env,
                                           TessScoreEvaluationInputData input,
                                           ds_device_type type) {
  double time;
#if ON_WINDOWS
    LARGE_INTEGER freq, time_funct_start, time_funct_end;
    QueryPerformanceFrequency(&freq);
#elif ON_APPLE
    mach_timebase_info_data_t info = {0, 0};
    mach_timebase_info(&info);
    long long start, stop;
#else
    timespec time_funct_start, time_funct_end;
#endif

    // input data
    unsigned char pixelHi = (unsigned char)255;
    int* thresholds = new int[4];
    thresholds[0] = pixelHi/2;
    thresholds[1] = pixelHi/2;
    thresholds[2] = pixelHi/2;
    thresholds[3] = pixelHi/2;
    int *hi_values = new int[4];
    thresholds[0] = pixelHi;
    thresholds[1] = pixelHi;
    thresholds[2] = pixelHi;
    thresholds[3] = pixelHi;
    //Pix* pix = pixCreate(width, height, 1);
    int top = 0;
    int left = 0;
    int bytes_per_line = input.width*input.numChannels;

    // function call
    if (type == DS_DEVICE_OPENCL_DEVICE) {
#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_start);
#elif ON_APPLE
      start = mach_absolute_time();
#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_start );
#endif

        OpenclDevice::gpuEnv = *env;
        int retVal = OpenclDevice::ThresholdRectToPixOCL(
            input.imageData, input.numChannels, bytes_per_line, thresholds,
            hi_values, &input.pix, input.height, input.width, top, left);

#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_end);
        time = (time_funct_end.QuadPart-time_funct_start.QuadPart)/(double)(freq.QuadPart);
#elif ON_APPLE
        stop = mach_absolute_time();
        if (retVal == 0) {
          time = ((stop - start) * (double)info.numer / info.denom) / 1.0E9;
          ;
        } else {
          time = FLT_MAX;
        }

#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_end );
        time = (time_funct_end.tv_sec - time_funct_start.tv_sec)*1.0 + (time_funct_end.tv_nsec - time_funct_start.tv_nsec)/1000000000.0;
#endif
    } else {


        tesseract::ImageThresholder thresholder;
        thresholder.SetImage( input.pix );
#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_start);
#elif ON_APPLE
        start = mach_absolute_time();
#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_start );
#endif
        ThresholdRectToPix_Native( input.imageData, input.numChannels, bytes_per_line,
            thresholds, hi_values, &input.pix );

#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_end);
        time = (time_funct_end.QuadPart-time_funct_start.QuadPart)/(double)(freq.QuadPart);
#elif ON_APPLE
        stop = mach_absolute_time();
        time = ((stop - start) * (double)info.numer / info.denom) / 1.0E9;
#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_end );
        time = (time_funct_end.tv_sec - time_funct_start.tv_sec)*1.0 + (time_funct_end.tv_nsec - time_funct_start.tv_nsec)/1000000000.0;
#endif
    }

    // cleanup
    delete[] thresholds;
    delete[] hi_values;
    return time;
}

static double getLineMasksMorphMicroBench(GPUEnv *env,
                                          TessScoreEvaluationInputData input,
                                          ds_device_type type) {
  double time = 0;
#if ON_WINDOWS
    LARGE_INTEGER freq, time_funct_start, time_funct_end;
    QueryPerformanceFrequency(&freq);
#elif ON_APPLE
    mach_timebase_info_data_t info = {0, 0};
    mach_timebase_info(&info);
    long long start, stop;
#else
    timespec time_funct_start, time_funct_end;
#endif

    // input data
    int resolution = 300;
    int wpl = pixGetWpl(input.pix);
    int kThinLineFraction = 20; // tess constant
    int kMinLineLengthFraction = 4; // tess constant
    int max_line_width = resolution / kThinLineFraction;
    int min_line_length = resolution / kMinLineLengthFraction;
    int closing_brick = max_line_width / 3;

    // function call
    if (type == DS_DEVICE_OPENCL_DEVICE) {
#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_start);
#elif ON_APPLE
      start = mach_absolute_time();
#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_start );
#endif
        OpenclDevice::gpuEnv = *env;
        OpenclDevice::initMorphCLAllocations(wpl, input.height, input.pix);
        Pix *pix_vline = nullptr, *pix_hline = nullptr, *pix_closed = nullptr;
        OpenclDevice::pixGetLinesCL(
            nullptr, input.pix, &pix_vline, &pix_hline, &pix_closed, true,
            closing_brick, closing_brick, max_line_width, max_line_width,
            min_line_length, min_line_length);

        OpenclDevice::releaseMorphCLBuffers();

#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_end);
        time = (time_funct_end.QuadPart-time_funct_start.QuadPart)/(double)(freq.QuadPart);
#elif ON_APPLE
        stop = mach_absolute_time();
        time = ((stop - start) * (double)info.numer / info.denom) / 1.0E9;
#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_end );
        time = (time_funct_end.tv_sec - time_funct_start.tv_sec)*1.0 + (time_funct_end.tv_nsec - time_funct_start.tv_nsec)/1000000000.0;
#endif
    } else {
#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_start);
#elif ON_APPLE
      start = mach_absolute_time();
#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_start );
#endif

        // native serial code
        Pix *src_pix = input.pix;
        Pix *pix_closed =
            pixCloseBrick(nullptr, src_pix, closing_brick, closing_brick);
        Pix *pix_solid =
            pixOpenBrick(nullptr, pix_closed, max_line_width, max_line_width);
        Pix *pix_hollow = pixSubtract(nullptr, pix_closed, pix_solid);
        pixDestroy(&pix_solid);
        Pix *pix_vline = pixOpenBrick(nullptr, pix_hollow, 1, min_line_length);
        Pix *pix_hline = pixOpenBrick(nullptr, pix_hollow, min_line_length, 1);
        pixDestroy(&pix_hollow);

#if ON_WINDOWS
        QueryPerformanceCounter(&time_funct_end);
        time = (time_funct_end.QuadPart-time_funct_start.QuadPart)/(double)(freq.QuadPart);
#elif ON_APPLE
        stop = mach_absolute_time();
        time = ((stop - start) * (double)info.numer / info.denom) / 1.0E9;
#else
        clock_gettime( CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time_funct_end );
        time = (time_funct_end.tv_sec - time_funct_start.tv_sec)*1.0 + (time_funct_end.tv_nsec - time_funct_start.tv_nsec)/1000000000.0;
#endif
    }

    return time;
}



/******************************************************************************
 * Device Selection
 *****************************************************************************/

#include "stdlib.h"

// encode score object as byte string
static ds_status serializeScore(ds_device *device, void **serializedScore,
                                unsigned int *serializedScoreSize) {
  *serializedScoreSize = sizeof(TessDeviceScore);
  *serializedScore = new unsigned char[*serializedScoreSize];
  memcpy(*serializedScore, device->score, *serializedScoreSize);
  return DS_SUCCESS;
}

// parses byte string and stores in score object
static ds_status deserializeScore(ds_device *device,
                                  const unsigned char *serializedScore,
                                  unsigned int serializedScoreSize) {
  // check that serializedScoreSize == sizeof(TessDeviceScore);
  device->score = new TessDeviceScore;
  memcpy(device->score, serializedScore, serializedScoreSize);
  return DS_SUCCESS;
}

static ds_status releaseScore(void *score) {
  delete (TessDeviceScore *)score;
  return DS_SUCCESS;
}

// evaluate devices
static ds_status evaluateScoreForDevice(ds_device *device, void *inputData) {
  // overwrite statuc gpuEnv w/ current device
  // so native opencl calls can be used; they use static gpuEnv
  printf("\n[DS] Device: \"%s\" (%s) evaluation...\n", device->oclDeviceName,
         device->type == DS_DEVICE_OPENCL_DEVICE ? "OpenCL" : "Native");
  GPUEnv *env = nullptr;
  if (device->type == DS_DEVICE_OPENCL_DEVICE) {
    env = new GPUEnv;
    // printf("[DS] populating tmp GPUEnv from device\n");
    populateGPUEnvFromDevice(env, device->oclDeviceID);
    env->mnFileCount = 0;  // argc;
    env->mnKernelCount = 0UL;
    // printf("[DS] compiling kernels for tmp GPUEnv\n");
    OpenclDevice::gpuEnv = *env;
    OpenclDevice::CompileKernelFile(env, "");
  }

  TessScoreEvaluationInputData *input =
      static_cast<TessScoreEvaluationInputData *>(inputData);

  // pixReadTiff
  double composeRGBPixelTime =
      composeRGBPixelMicroBench(env, *input, device->type);

  // HistogramRect
  double histogramRectTime = histogramRectMicroBench(env, *input, device->type);

  // ThresholdRectToPix
  double thresholdRectToPixTime =
      thresholdRectToPixMicroBench(env, *input, device->type);

  // getLineMasks
  double getLineMasksMorphTime =
      getLineMasksMorphMicroBench(env, *input, device->type);

  // weigh times (% of cpu time)
  // these weights should be the % execution time that the native cpu code took
  float composeRGBPixelWeight = 1.2f;
  float histogramRectWeight = 2.4f;
  float thresholdRectToPixWeight = 4.5f;
  float getLineMasksMorphWeight = 5.0f;

  float weightedTime = composeRGBPixelWeight * composeRGBPixelTime +
                       histogramRectWeight * histogramRectTime +
                       thresholdRectToPixWeight * thresholdRectToPixTime +
                       getLineMasksMorphWeight * getLineMasksMorphTime;
  device->score = new TessDeviceScore;
  ((TessDeviceScore *)device->score)->time = weightedTime;

  printf("[DS] Device: \"%s\" (%s) evaluated\n", device->oclDeviceName,
         device->type == DS_DEVICE_OPENCL_DEVICE ? "OpenCL" : "Native");
  printf("[DS]%25s: %f (w=%.1f)\n", "composeRGBPixel", composeRGBPixelTime,
         composeRGBPixelWeight);
  printf("[DS]%25s: %f (w=%.1f)\n", "HistogramRect", histogramRectTime,
         histogramRectWeight);
  printf("[DS]%25s: %f (w=%.1f)\n", "ThresholdRectToPix",
         thresholdRectToPixTime, thresholdRectToPixWeight);
  printf("[DS]%25s: %f (w=%.1f)\n", "getLineMasksMorph", getLineMasksMorphTime,
         getLineMasksMorphWeight);
  printf("[DS]%25s: %f\n", "Score",
         static_cast<TessDeviceScore *>(device->score)->time);
  return DS_SUCCESS;
}

// initial call to select device
ds_device OpenclDevice::getDeviceSelection( ) {
  if (!deviceIsSelected) {
    PERF_COUNT_START("getDeviceSelection")
    // check if opencl is available at runtime
    if (1 == LoadOpencl()) {
      // opencl is available
      // PERF_COUNT_SUB("LoadOpencl")
      // setup devices
      ds_status status;
      ds_profile *profile;
      status = initDSProfile(&profile, "v0.1");
      PERF_COUNT_SUB("initDSProfile")
      // try reading scores from file
      const char *fileName = "tesseract_opencl_profile_devices.dat";
      status = readProfileFromFile(profile, deserializeScore, fileName);
      if (status != DS_SUCCESS) {
        // need to run evaluation
        printf("[DS] Profile file not available (%s); performing profiling.\n",
               fileName);

        // create input data
        TessScoreEvaluationInputData input;
        populateTessScoreEvaluationInputData(&input);
        // PERF_COUNT_SUB("populateTessScoreEvaluationInputData")
        // perform evaluations
        unsigned int numUpdates;
        status = profileDevices(profile, DS_EVALUATE_ALL,
                                evaluateScoreForDevice, &input, &numUpdates);
        PERF_COUNT_SUB("profileDevices")
        // write scores to file
        if (status == DS_SUCCESS) {
          status = writeProfileToFile(profile, serializeScore, fileName);
          PERF_COUNT_SUB("writeProfileToFile")
          if (status == DS_SUCCESS) {
            printf("[DS] Scores written to file (%s).\n", fileName);
          } else {
            printf(
                "[DS] Error saving scores to file (%s); scores not written to "
                "file.\n",
                fileName);
          }
        } else {
          printf(
              "[DS] Unable to evaluate performance; scores not written to "
              "file.\n");
        }
      } else {
        PERF_COUNT_SUB("readProfileFromFile")
        printf("[DS] Profile read from file (%s).\n", fileName);
      }

      // we now have device scores either from file or evaluation
      // select fastest using custom Tesseract selection algorithm
      float bestTime = FLT_MAX;  // begin search with worst possible time
      int bestDeviceIdx = -1;
      for (unsigned d = 0; d < profile->numDevices; d++) {
        ds_device device = profile->devices[d];
        TessDeviceScore score = *(TessDeviceScore *)device.score;

        float time = score.time;
        printf("[DS] Device[%u] %i:%s score is %f\n", d + 1, device.type,
               device.oclDeviceName, time);
        if (time < bestTime) {
          bestTime = time;
          bestDeviceIdx = d;
        }
      }
      printf("[DS] Selected Device[%i]: \"%s\" (%s)\n", bestDeviceIdx + 1,
             profile->devices[bestDeviceIdx].oclDeviceName,
             profile->devices[bestDeviceIdx].type == DS_DEVICE_OPENCL_DEVICE
                 ? "OpenCL"
                 : "Native");
      // cleanup
      // TODO: call destructor for profile object?

      bool overridden = false;
      char *overrideDeviceStr = getenv("TESSERACT_OPENCL_DEVICE");
      if (overrideDeviceStr != nullptr) {
        int overrideDeviceIdx = atoi(overrideDeviceStr);
        if (overrideDeviceIdx > 0 && overrideDeviceIdx <= profile->numDevices) {
          printf(
              "[DS] Overriding Device Selection (TESSERACT_OPENCL_DEVICE=%s, "
              "%i)\n",
              overrideDeviceStr, overrideDeviceIdx);
          bestDeviceIdx = overrideDeviceIdx - 1;
          overridden = true;
        } else {
          printf(
              "[DS] Ignoring invalid TESSERACT_OPENCL_DEVICE=%s ([1,%i] are "
              "valid devices).\n",
              overrideDeviceStr, profile->numDevices);
        }
      }

      if (overridden) {
        printf("[DS] Overridden Device[%i]: \"%s\" (%s)\n", bestDeviceIdx + 1,
               profile->devices[bestDeviceIdx].oclDeviceName,
               profile->devices[bestDeviceIdx].type == DS_DEVICE_OPENCL_DEVICE
                   ? "OpenCL"
                   : "Native");
      }
      selectedDevice = profile->devices[bestDeviceIdx];
      // cleanup
      releaseDSProfile(profile, releaseScore);
    } else {
      // opencl isn't available at runtime, select native cpu device
      printf("[DS] OpenCL runtime not available.\n");
      selectedDevice.type = DS_DEVICE_NATIVE_CPU;
      selectedDevice.oclDeviceName = "(null)";
      selectedDevice.score = nullptr;
      selectedDevice.oclDeviceID = nullptr;
      selectedDevice.oclDriverVersion = nullptr;
    }
    deviceIsSelected = true;
    PERF_COUNT_SUB("select from Profile")
    PERF_COUNT_END
  }
  // PERF_COUNT_END
  return selectedDevice;
}


bool OpenclDevice::selectedDeviceIsOpenCL() {
  ds_device device = getDeviceSelection();
  return (device.type == DS_DEVICE_OPENCL_DEVICE);
}

#endif